Английская Википедия:Achourya

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Шаблон:Lang, IAST: Шаблон:IAST) or Шаблон:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Шаблон:Lang; IAST: Шаблон:IAST) is the Sanskrit term for "non-stealing". It is a virtue in Hinduism. The practice of Шаблон:Transliteration demands that one must not steal, nor have the intent to steal, another's property through action, speech, and thoughts.

Шаблон:Transliteration is one of five major vows of Hinduism and Jainism. It is also one of ten forms of temperance (virtuous self-restraint) in Indian philosophy.

Etymology

The word "Шаблон:Transliteration" is a compound derived from Sanskrit, where "Шаблон:Transliteration" refers to "non-" and "Шаблон:Transliteration" refers to "practice of stealing" or "something that can be stolen". Thus, Шаблон:Transliteration means "non-stealing".

Jainism

In Jainism, it is one of the five vows that all [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration]]s (householders) as well as monastics must observe. The five transgressions of this vow, as mentioned in the Jain text Tattvārthsūtra, are: "Prompting another to steal, receiving stolen goods, underbuying in a disordered state, using false weights and measures, and deceiving others with artificial or imitation goods".Шаблон:Sfn This is explained in the Jain text, Sarvārthasiddhi as (translated by S.A. Jain): Шаблон:Quote

Hinduism

Шаблон:Transliteration is defined in Hindu texts as "the abstinence, in one's deeds or words or thoughts, from unauthorized appropriation of things of value from another human being". It is a widely discussed virtue in ethical theories of Hinduism. For example, in the Yoga Sūtras (II.30), Шаблон:Transliteration is listed as the third Шаблон:Transliteration or virtue of self-restraint, along with Шаблон:Transliteration (nonviolence), Шаблон:Transliteration (non-falsehoods, truthfulness), Шаблон:Transliteration (sexual chastity in one's feelings and actions) and Шаблон:Transliteration (non-possessiveness, non-craving).

Шаблон:Transliteration is thus one of the five essential restraints (Шаблон:Transliteration, "the don'ts") in Hinduism, that with five essential practices (Шаблон:Transliteration, "the dos") are suggested for right, virtuous, enlightened living.

Discussion

Шаблон:Transliteration in practice implies to "not steal", "not cheat", nor unethically manipulate other's property or others for one's own gain. Шаблон:Transliteration as virtue demands not only that one "not steal", but that one should not encourage cheating through speech or writing, or want to cheat even in one's thinking. The virtue of Шаблон:Transliteration arises out of the understanding that all misappropriation is an expression of craving and lack of compassion for other beings. To steal or want to steal expresses lack of faith in oneself: one's ability to learn and create property. To steal another's property is also stealing from one's own potential ability to develop. The Sutras reason that misappropriation, conspiring to misappropriate, or wanting to misappropriate, at its root reflects the sin of Шаблон:Transliteration (bad greed), Шаблон:Transliteration (material delusion), or Шаблон:Transliteration (bad anger).

Gandhi held Шаблон:Transliteration as essential to the human right to life and liberty without fear, and Шаблон:Transliteration as essential to the human right to property without fear. Шаблон:Transliteration follows from Шаблон:Transliteration, in Gandhi's views, because stealing is a form of violence and injury to another person. Шаблон:Transliteration is not merely "theft by action", but it includes "theft by intent" and "theft by manipulation". Persistent exploitation of the weak or poor is a form of "Шаблон:Transliteration in one's thought".

Related concepts

Шаблон:Transliteration—charity to a deserving person without any expectation in return—is a recommended Шаблон:Transliteration in Hinduism. The motive behind Шаблон:Transliteration is reverse to that of "stealing from others". Шаблон:Transliteration is a complementary practice to the Шаблон:Transliteration (restraint) of Шаблон:Transliteration.

Difference from Шаблон:Transliteration

Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration are two of several important virtues in Hinduism and Jainism. They both involve interaction between a person and material world, either as property, fame or ideas; yet Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration are different concepts. Шаблон:Transliteration is the virtue of non-stealing and not wanting to appropriate, or take by force or deceit or exploitation, by deeds or words or thoughts, what is owned by and belongs to someone else. Шаблон:Transliteration, in contrast, is the virtue of non-possessiveness and non-clinging to one's own property, non-accepting of any gifts or particularly improper gifts offered by others, and of non-avarice/non-craving in the motivation of one's deeds, words, and thoughts.

Шаблон:Transliteration means non-covetousness. Шаблон:Transliteration is where one stands. Шаблон:Transliteration is the limit. When one crosses the limit of one’s Шаблон:Transliteration, even by intention it’s covetousness, not a virtue. It’s misappropriation or manipulation. This principle applies not only to physical property, but also to intellectual property.Шаблон:Unreferenced inline Crossing one’s limit, craving for something or someone rightfully belonging to others even by thoughts or intentions is a sin. “...whosever looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart” (Шаблон:Bibleverse).

Sources

• Шаблон:Citation