Английская Википедия:Acid-free paper

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The acid-free-paper symbol;
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Acid-free paper is paper that, if infused in water, yields a neutral or basic pH (7 or slightly greater). It can be made from any cellulose fiber as long as the active acid pulp is eliminated during processing. It is also lignin- and sulfur-free.[1] Acid-free paper addresses the problem of preserving documents and preserving artwork for long periods.

Overview

Paper made from wood-based pulp that has not had its lignin removed turns yellow, becomes brittle, and deteriorates over time.[2] When exposed to light and/or heat, the molecules in the acidic paper will break down even faster.[3] Acidic wood-pulp paper became commonplace in the late 19th century, and in the 1930s William Barrow (a chemist and librarian) published a report about the deterioration of acidic paper in the libraries.[4] For fear of the gradual disintegration of written materials, measures have since been taken to improve the quality of paper.

During production, acid-free paper may be treated with a mild base (usually calcium or magnesium bicarbonate) to neutralize the natural acids occurring in wood pulp, and it may also be buffered to prevent the formation of additional acids (as may develop from the application of sizing).

The bicarbonate is added in excess, to supply the paper with an alkaline reserve to provide protection from further attack by acids remaining in the paper or supplied by the environment (e.g. atmospheric sulfur dioxide).[5] The bicarbonate during drying loses carbon dioxide and water and is converted to calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate. In order for paper to last at least 100 years it must have an alkaline reserve of 2% or more.[6]

Today, much commercially produced paper is acid-free,[7] but this is largely the result of a shift from kaolin clay to precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as the main filler material in the pulp: PCC reacts with acids, and therefore requires the pulp to be chemically neutral or alkaline. The sizing additives mixed into the pulp and/or applied to the surface of the paper must also be acid-free.

Alkaline paper has a life expectancy of over 1,000 years for the best paper and 500 years for average grades.[8] The making of alkaline paper has several other advantages in addition to the preservation benefits afforded to the publications and documents printed on it. Because there are fewer corrosive chemicals used in making alkaline paper, the process is much easier on the machinery, reducing downtime and maintenance, and extending the machinery's useful life. The process is also significantly more environmentally friendly. Waste water and byproducts of the papermaking process can be recycled; energy can be saved in the drying and refining process; and alkaline paper can be more easily recycled.[9]

Standards

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Permanent paper

The company Hercules Incorporated developed the first alkaline sizing in the 1950s that made acid-free paper possible.[10] Despite the advances in paper making and the identification of and concern around the brittle book problem, it took decades before the adoption of ANSI NISO Standard Z39.48-1984 - Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries in 1984. This voluntary standard covered pH value, tear resistance, alkaline reserve, and lignin thresholds for paper to last thousands of years and was developed to encourage the use of acid-free paper in library materials.[5] The development of the initial standard was a result of the work of the Council on Library Resources, which effectively lobbied ANSI to adopt the guidelines.[11]

In 1986, Standards Committee II of NISO was established to expand Z39.48-1984 to develop standards for coated paper, and was again called upon in 1988 to review and revise the standards for uncoated paper.

There are various standards for "acid-free" paper, with differing requirements. In some quarters, slightly-acidic paper having a pH between 6 and 7 is often also considered "acid-free".Шаблон:Elucidate Acid-free (alkaline) paper that additionally is uncoated and meets certain standards for folding and tearing is authorized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to carry the following notice: "The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992."

The objective of ANSI Z39.48-1992 "is to establish criteria for coated and uncoated paper to last several hundred years" under optimal conditions in libraries and archives.[12] The desired outcome of the standard is to reduce future preservation problems.

The scope of the standard is to cover publications and documents bought and maintained by libraries and archives. Such works include scholarly journals, periodicals, monographs, government documents, original documents, and significant works in fiction and non-fiction.

An equivalent international standard, ISO 9706, was published in 1994.[13]

Manufacturers of acid-free paper can indicate the compliance of their product with the test requirements of the ISO 9706 or ANSI Z39.48-1992 standards using a circled infinity symbol (Unicode code point 267E, ♾).[13][14]

Archival paper

Archival paper is an especially permanent, durable acid-free paper. Archival paper is meant to be used for publications of high legal, historical, or significant value. In the USA, such paper must also be approved in accordance with the ANSI standards.[15] The international standard for "permanent" paper is ISO 9706 and for "archival" paper, the standard is ISO 11108.[16]

Often, cotton rag paper is used for archival purposes, as it is not made from wood-based pulp. Thus, "archival paper" is sometimes broken down into two categories:Шаблон:Citation needed

  • Conservation-grade—acid-free, buffered paper made from wood-based pulp.
  • Archival-grade (also Museum-grade)—cotton rag paper made from cotton pulp.

See also

References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Teygeler, R. (2004). Preserving paper: Recent advances. In J. Feather. (Ed.), Managing preservation for libraries and archives: Current practice and future development. 90. Burlington: Ashgate. Шаблон:ISBN
  3. ↑ Arnold, B.R. (2002). ASTM's Paper Aging Research Program. Retrieved November 4, 2007, archive 2001-12-23/
  4. ↑ Cedzova, M. et al. (2006). Patents for Paper Deacidification. Restaurator: International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material, 27, 35.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Teygeler, R. (2004). Preserving paper: Recent advances. In J. Feather. (Ed.), Managing preservation for libraries and archives: Current practice and future development. 89. Burlington: Ashgate. Шаблон:ISBN
  7. ↑ Dahlo, R. (2000). The Rationale of permanent Paper. In W. Manning & V. Kremp (Eds.), IFLA Publications 91: A Reader in preservation and conservation. 59. Munchen: K. G. Saur. Шаблон:ISBN.
  8. ↑ ASTM D 3290-00, "Standard Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanent Records", section 3.2.3.2 and Appendix X1
  9. ↑ Lundeen, G.W. (1983) Preservation of paper based materials: Present and future research and developments in the paper industry. In K.L. Henderson and W.T. Henderson (eds) Conserving and preserving library materials (Papers presented at the Allerton Park Institute November 15–18, 1981): 73-88. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/459
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Ward Brown, J. (May 1985). The Once and Future Book: The Preservation Crisis. Wilson Library Bulletin, 59, 591-6.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence. International Standard ISO 9706:1994, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Dahlo, R. (2000). The Rationale of permanent Paper. In W. Manning & V. Kremp (Eds.), IFLA Publications 91: A Reader in preservation and conservation. 58. Munchen: K. G. Saur. Шаблон:ISBN.
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