Английская Википедия:Actaea rubra

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox

Actaea rubra, the red baneberry or chinaberry, is a poisonous herbaceous flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to North America.

Description

It is a perennial herb[1] that grows Шаблон:Convert tall.

The leaves are coarsely toothed with deeply lobed margins. Plants commonly have hairy veins on the undersides of the foliage. Each stem will have either three leaves that branch near the top, or will have three compound leaves and one upright flowering stalk from one point on the main central stem.

Plants produce one to a few ternately branched stems which bear clusters of flowers having 3 to 5 sepals that are petal-like and obovate in shape and remain after flowering. The petals are deciduous, falling away after flowering is done. They are clawed at the base and Шаблон:Convert long and spatulate to obovate in shape. Flowers have numerous stamens and they are white in color.

After flowering green berries are produced. The fruits are ellipsoid shaped berries containing several seeds.[2]

Файл:SeedsBaneberry.jpg
Seeds

In mid to late summer, the berries turn bright red, or white in forma neglecta. The berries also have a black dot on them.

Distribution and habitat

They are found growing in shady areas with moist to wet soils, open forest or dry slopes in much of North America except for Greenland, Nunavut, Mexico, Texas, and the south-eastern United States.[3] In Alaska it ranges from the Kenai Peninsula, through Kodiak Island, Bristol Bay, and up the Yukon River.

In 2016 NatureServe evaluated Actaea rubra as globally secure (G5). In addition, it has a status of apparently secure (S4) in Iowa, Labrador, Montana, Nebraska, the Northwest Territories, Prince Edward Island, and Wyoming. They have given it the status of locally vulnearble (S3) in Arizona, Illinois, and the Yukon Territory, imperiled (S2) in Ohio and Pennsylvania, and critically imperiled (S1) in Indiana and Rhode Island.[4]

Ecology

Plants are slow growing and take a few years to grow large enough to flower. The western subspecies is ssp. arguta, and the northern subspecies is ssp. rubra.[5] These subspecies are not well differentiated, and in many locations, each grades in to the other over much of their ranges.[6] The foliage is rarely consumed by grazing animals.[7] The poisonous berries are harmless to birds, the plants' primary seed disperser.[8]

Uses

This plant is grown in shade gardens for its attractive berries and upright clump forming habit.[9]

Native Americans have traditionally used the juice from the fruits of various baneberry species to poison arrows.[10]

Toxicity

Файл:Actaea rubra 9451.JPG
Berries and foliage in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest

All parts of the plant are poisonous. However, accidental poisoning is not likely since the berries are extremely bitter.

The berries are the most toxic part of the plant. A healthy adult will experience poisoning from as few as six berries. Ingestion of the berries causes nausea, dizziness, increased pulse and severe gastrointestinal discomfort.[11][12] The toxins can also have an immediate sedative effect on the cardiac muscle tissue possibly leading to cardiac arrest if introduced into the bloodstream. As few as two berries may be fatal to a child.[12]

The fruits and foliage contain ranunculin,[13] and are often reported to contain protoanemonin. The plant also contains berberine.[14]

All parts of the plant contain an irritant oil that is most concentrated within the roots and berries.

The roots contain β-sitosterol glucoside.[15]

There have been no reported cases of severe poisoning or deaths in North America, but children have been fatally poisoned by its European relative A. spicata.[16][17] It is claimed that poisoning is unlikely from eating the fruits of this species also.[18]

This plant closely resembles mountain sweetroot (Osmorhiza chilensis), and can be confused with it; however, red baneberry lacks the strong anise-like "spicy celery" odor of mountain sweetroot.[19]

The following illustrates a non-fatal case of experimental self-intoxication produced by the ingestion of fruit from Actaea rubra. The onset of symptoms began within 30 minutes.

Шаблон:Blockquote

References

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Gleason, H.A. 1978. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Volumes 2. Hafner Press, New York. Page 158.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:PLANTS
  6. ↑ Шаблон:EFloras
  7. ↑ Шаблон:FEIS
  8. ↑ Edible and Medicinal plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, Шаблон:ISBN
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Gibbons, J. Whitfield, Robert Haynes, and Joab L. Thomas. 1990. Poisonous plants and venomous animals of Alabama and adjoining states. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Ewing, Susan. The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996.
  13. ↑ Duke, James A. 2001. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Herbal reference library. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Шаблон:ISBN page 13.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Planta Med 2006; 72: 1350-1352
  16. ↑ Knight, Anthony P., and Richard G. Walter. 2001. A guide to plant poisoning of animals in North America. Jackson, Wyo: Teton NewMedia. Page 85.
  17. ↑ Turner, Nancy J., and Nancy J. Turner. 1997. Food plants of interior First Peoples. Royal British Columbia Museum handbook. Vancouver: UBC Press. Page 186.
  18. ↑ Frohne, Dietrich, and Hans Jürgen Pfänder. 2005. Poisonous plants: a handbook for doctors, pharmacists, toxicologists, biologists, and veterinarians. London: Manson. Page 322.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

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