Английская Википедия:Adèle de Bellegarde

Шаблон:Lang, known as Шаблон:Lang (24 June 1772 – 7 January 1830), was a Savoyard aristocrat. During the French Revolution, she became a popular Шаблон:Lang hostess in Paris, and modelled for Jacques-Louis David's 1799 painting The Intervention of the Sabine Women.

Married to an officer in the Sardinian army, de Bellegarde fled Savoy at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792, but returned at the end of the year to protect her family property from confiscation. She became the lover of Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, and accompanied him to Paris in 1793. After de Séchelles' arrest and execution, she was in turn arrested and imprisoned in the Saint-Lazare prison, where she met Aimée de Coigny, a prominent Шаблон:Lang. Released after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1793, de Bellegarde became a fixture of Шаблон:Lang culture and established relationships with many leading figures of the period, including Talleyrand, Thérésa Tallien and Rouget de Lisle.

De Bellegarde's role in the creation of The Intervention of the Sabine Women has been described as part of the painting's "legend".Шаблон:Sfn It provoked numerous, often contradictory, Parisian stories and rumours, which often revolved around de Bellegarde's status as a sex symbol. Her involvement, along with that of her sister Aurore, was considered a significant influence on Parisian cultural tastes, and has been discussed at length in later scholarship on the painting.

She maintained her Шаблон:Lang during the French Empire, where she became known as a royalist and an opponent of Napoleon, and during the Bourbon Restoration. In later life, she became known for her religious and charitable activity in the town of Chenoise, where she owned a château. She died in Paris on 7 January 1830.

De Bellegarde and her sister Aurore were known as Шаблон:Lang. The art historian Ewa Lajer-Burcharth has written that the sisters were "known to epitomise the whole world of fashionable femininity under the Directoire."Шаблон:Sfn

Early life and family

Шаблон:Lang was born on 24 June 1772 in Chambéry,Шаблон:Sfn the former capital of the Duchy of Savoy and its largest city on the French side of the Alps.

Adèle was the elder daughter of Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and a general in the army of the Dutch Estates. Her mother, Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn was a Picard noblewoman and sister of the French general Louis Charles d'Hervilly. The Шаблон:Lang family were one of the oldest in Savoy:Шаблон:Sfn since 1530, they had owned the Шаблон:Lang, a castle constructed in 1342 on the border between Savoy and Dauphiné.Шаблон:Sfnm The family divided their time between the castle and an hôtel particulier at 1 Шаблон:Lang in Chambéry.Шаблон:Sfn Her sister Шаблон:Lang was born on 30 September 1774, while her mother died giving birth to her youngest sister, Шаблон:Lang (known as Шаблон:Lang), on 3 July 1776.Шаблон:Sfn

On 5 November 1787, de Bellegarde was married to Шаблон:Ill, the son of her father's brother Jean-François de Bellegarde and a frequent visitor to the family home.Шаблон:Sfn Friedrich, a freemason,Шаблон:Sfn a native of Saxony and a captain in the Sardinian army,Шаблон:Efn was thirty-five; she was fifteen.Шаблон:Sfn The couple had two children — a daughter and a son — between 1787 and 1791.Шаблон:Sfn Her father died early in 1790, leaving Adèle the title of Шаблон:Lang, while Шаблон:Lang died in May 1792 at the age of eighteen.Шаблон:Sfn

French invasion of Savoy (1792)

Шаблон:Main

After the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, tensions grew between France and its monarchical neighbours, including the Kingdom of Sardinia, of which Savoy was a part, largely over the mutual hostility between revolutionary and monarchical ideals, the perceived threat to the revolutionary state from émigré aristocrats, and European monarchs' concern for the safety and rule of Louis XVI.Шаблон:Sfn Riots broke out across Savoy, including in Chambéry, prompted by unrest at the French abolition of seigneurial dues (which prompted calls among the rural population for the same) and at rising prices, partly caused by the immigration of wealthy French aristocrats.Шаблон:Sfn Little is known of de Bellegarde during this period: Vermale suggests that she and her husband may have sheltered some of the numerous French émigrés who fled across the border to Savoy.Шаблон:Sfn

On 20 April 1792, the French National Assembly voted for war with Austria and France invaded the Austrian Netherlands, beginning the War of the First Coalition.Шаблон:Sfn In August, news reached Savoy that the French armies were preparing an invasion. Friedrich de Bellegarde, now a lieutenant-colonel in Sardinian service, was given command of the area around Chambéry, while the Шаблон:Lang was fortified, garrisoned and equipped with cannon.Шаблон:Sfn The château was made the headquarters of the Sardinian forces, commanded by General de Lazary.Шаблон:Sfn

In early September, Friedrich ordered Adèle and Aurore to leave for Piedmont, to which most of the Savoyard nobility not involved in the military preparation were already in the process of evacuating.Шаблон:Sfnm According to the de Bellegardes' biographer Ernest Daudet, the sisters were reluctant to leave, as they had been hopefully expecting a French victory.Шаблон:Sfn Their friend Aimée de Coigny later wrote that they had been "Шаблон:Lang" ("happy to become Frenchwomen").Шаблон:Sfn

Photograph of a modern, rather un-warlike-looking, French château.

The Шаблон:Lang, de Bellegarde's family seat, served as the headquarters of Sardinian forces during the French invasion of Savoy.

The Kingdom of Sardinia declared war on revolutionary France on 21 September 1792, the day after the French victory at the Battle of Valmy.Шаблон:Sfn On the night of 21–22 September, French troops under the Marquis de Montesquiou, led by a unit of Savoyard expatriates known as the Шаблон:Lang, entered Savoy, which was abandoned without resistance by the Sardinian army.Шаблон:Sfn By 4 October, the French were in total control:Шаблон:Sfn the advancing Montesquiou wrote from Chambéry that "the Шаблон:Lang cockade is displayed everywhere",Шаблон:Refn and modern historians have noted the apparent enthusiasm of the Savoyard public for annexation by France.Шаблон:Sfn

The administration of Savoy passed to a hastily gathered popular assembly known as the National Assembly of the Allobroges,Шаблон:Sfn which issued a decree in October threatening to confiscate the property of those exiles who did not return by 26 December.Шаблон:Sfn Friedrich, who was still in the Sardinian army, agreed with Adèle and Aurore that the women would return to Savoy, leaving their children with him in Piedmont.Шаблон:Sfn Savoy was annexed to France on 27 November:Шаблон:Sfn the two sisters had returned to Chambéry by 1 December, when they registered their return with the municipal government.Шаблон:Sfn When asked about her husband, de Bellegarde claimed to know neither his whereabouts nor his intentions, and to have no responsibility for his absence.Шаблон:Sfn The sisters regained both the Шаблон:Lang and the family's Шаблон:Lang in Chambéry, and made them available to revolutionary "Popular Societies".Шаблон:Sfn

Revolutionary Savoy (1792–1793)

Following the annexation of Savoy, the National Assembly sent a delegation of four commissioners to organise the new administrative Шаблон:Lang, which would be centred upon Chambéry.Шаблон:Sfnm The commissioners were Hérault de Séchelles, Grégoire Jagot, Henri Grégoire and Philibert Simond,Шаблон:Sfn a native of the region.Шаблон:Sfn The delegates arrived on 14 December alongside the general François Christophe de Kellermann,Шаблон:Sfn who replaced Montesquiou as commander of the French Army of the Alps and established his headquarters in Chambéry.Шаблон:Sfn The de Bellegardes hosted the commissioners in the Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn and they were subsequently given apartments in the family's Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Photograph of the front of a grand eighteenth-century building, now a hotel.

The Hôtel des Marches in Chambéry, which frequently served as the de Bellegardes' residence in the town.Шаблон:Sfn

Throughout late 1792 and into 1793, revolutionary violence increased across France, leading into what became known as "The Reign of Terror".Шаблон:Sfn Louis XVI was executed on 23 January 1793;Шаблон:Sfn in the remainder of France, at least fifty Savoyards were executed, while others were killed in the region, which ordered — but does not appear to have used — a guillotine from Paris.Шаблон:Sfn De Bellegarde and de Séchelles became lovers during this period,Шаблон:Sfn and rumours arose in Chambéry that the sixteen-year-old Aurore had likewise begun a relationship with Simond — a defrocked priest who, at thirty-eight, was more than twice her ageШаблон:Sfn — which attached to her the unflattering nickname of "the Simonette".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Efn The lavish hospitality shown by the sisters to their guests was also a source of intrigue: the de Bellegardes organised parties in honour of the delegates,Шаблон:Sfn and Kellerman is said to have boastfully remarked, after a stay at the château, that "Шаблон:Lang" ("their hospitality was as complete as could be").Шаблон:Sfnm The sisters' influence with the commissioners has been credited with protecting several Savoyard aristocrats from execution, and securing their release from prison.Шаблон:Sfn

The de Bellegarde sisters, perhaps aware of the dangers of being labelled as "aristocrats",Шаблон:Sfn hosted parties and gatherings for revolutionary leaders in both their Шаблон:Lang and at their château.Шаблон:Sfn They took to wearing sans-culotte clothing and kept company with a revolutionary known as "Princess Pistol".Шаблон:Sfn On 18 May 1793, de Séchelles and Simond, whose zealous application of revolutionary law had made them widely despised in Savoy,Шаблон:Sfnm left for Paris, accompanied by Adèle and Aurore.Шаблон:Sfn Adèle's husband, Friedrich, was stationed in command of a grenadier regiment at the Little St Bernard Pass: his fellow officer, the marquis Henry-Joseph Costa, informed Friedrich of the news,Шаблон:Sfn which he had heard from his own wife living near Chambéry.Шаблон:Sfn This was the first that Friedrich had heard of his wife since March, when Adèle's letters had ceased.Шаблон:Sfn According to Costa's great-grandson, Charles-Albert, de Bellegarde was heartened to learn that she was not dead, "but would have preferred that his wife were somewhere other than Paris."Шаблон:Sfn Whether Costa informed de Bellegarde of his wife's infidelity is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn

Paris: The Reign of Terror (1793–1794)

Painting of a man in a blue coat, his left hand inside it.

Hérault de Séchelles, painted by Jean-Louis Laneuville Шаблон:Circa

The journey from Chambéry to Paris took about a week.Шаблон:Sfn De Séchelles moved into the house of his grandmother, Hélène Moreau de Séchelles, on the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn It is possible that de Bellegarde moved in with him, at least initially,Шаблон:Efn though Merlin states that she rented an apartment.Шаблон:Sfn The de Bellegarde sisters lived openly and took an active part in Parisian society:Шаблон:Sfn de Coigny later wrote "Шаблон:Lang" ("their pretty appearance and their youth were pleasing to everyone's eyes").Шаблон:Sfn Around 1793, de Bellegarde held a fashionable Шаблон:Lang in Paris.Шаблон:Sfn At some point in the same year, they purchased a château in Chenoise, which had previously been the home of their mother's family but had been confiscated after their uncle, Louis Charles d'Hervilly, fled France as an émigré.Шаблон:Sfn

The sisters became closely acquainted with the aristocrat and artist Шаблон:Ill, then known as "citizen Brûlart", and other members of Parisian high society.Шаблон:Sfn By October, they were living in a house with de Valence.Шаблон:Sfn The three women also formed a close friendship with Rouget de Lisle, the composer of La Marseillaise, with whom they dined frequently and to whom Adèle wrote several letters.Шаблон:Sfn De Bellegarde maintained her correspondence with de Lisle after he was arrested for his royalist sympathies and imprisoned in 1793.Шаблон:Refn On the day of his arrest, de Lisle wrote to de Bellegarde, seeking her help in persuading de Séchelles — whom de Lisle believed had ordered it — to have him set free; she wrote back that he could not help, but attempted to assure de Lisle that de Séchelles had played no part in the matter.Шаблон:Sfn De Valence was also arrested and imprisoned, probably in February or March 1794.Шаблон:Sfn

Painting of a large stone building

The Saint-Lazare prison, where de Bellegarde was held between April and July 1793, painted in 1932

De Séchelles was considered an ally of Georges Danton, whom Maximilien Robespierre (a leading figure of the Committee of Public Safety, France's de facto government)Шаблон:Sfn believed to working with foreign powers to subvert the revolution.Шаблон:Sfn Along with other so-called "Dantonists", de Séchelles was arrested on 16 March 1794Шаблон:Sfn and imprisoned in the Luxembourg Palace alongside Philibert Simond, who was taken there on the same day.Шаблон:Sfn De Bellegarde wrote on 17 MarchШаблон:Sfn to Шаблон:Ill, a high-ranking officer in the National Guard whom she knew from his time in Savoy with the Army of the Alps,Шаблон:Sfn attempting to prove de Séchelles' innocence, but seems to have received no response.Шаблон:Sfn De Séchelles was executed by guillotine on 5 April:Шаблон:Sfn according to Antoine-Vincent Arnault, a woman's hand, which Daudet suspected to have been de Bellegarde's, was seen bidding him farewell from the window of a nearby building.Шаблон:Sfn In the aftermath of de Séchelles' execution, several members of his family and a number of his associates were arrested, and some were executed.Шаблон:Sfn Simond was guillotined on 10 April.Шаблон:Sfn

On 23 April, the de Bellegarde sisters were arrested, according to the Committee of Public Safety, "Шаблон:Lang" ("as a public security measure").Шаблон:Sfn Vermale suggests that Adèle was suspected of spying for Sardinia.Шаблон:Sfn They were held in the Saint-Lazare prison until 27 July.Шаблон:Sfn During this period, which seems to have been fairly comfortable,Шаблон:Sfn they met and befriended other aristocratic women imprisoned alongside them, including their long-term friend Aimée de Coigny.Шаблон:Sfn The fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July prompted a widespread release of prisoners detained under the "Reign of Terror",Шаблон:Sfn including the de Bellegarde sisters and de Lisle; Coigny, who had been condemned to death, had already been released through the intercession of her future husband, Casimir, Comte de Montrond.Шаблон:Sfnm According to Armand Praviel, de Bellegarde, as with other prominent aristocratic women of the period, "only escaped the guillotine by chance."Шаблон:Refn

Later life (1794–1820)

Painting of a woman with grey hair in a brown jacket

Aimée de Coigny, painted before 1811

After their release, the de Bellegarde sisters lived together with de Coigny in an apartment on the Шаблон:Lang, and also rented a country house in Épinay-sur-Orge.Шаблон:Sfn Later, they moved to 8 Шаблон:Lang in Passy.Шаблон:Sfn They were prominent in Шаблон:Lang culture, and frequently called on exclusive and fashionable hostesses such as Thérésa Tallien, Germaine de Staël and the future empress Josephine Beauharnais.Шаблон:Sfn Their own Шаблон:Lang was popular with artists and intellectuals, and, according to de Coigny, was one of the first to resume Шаблон:Lang culture after the Terror.Шаблон:Sfn They hosted notables such as Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, Kellerman and Alexandre — all of whom, as Adèle complained in a letter to de Lisle, she found excruciatingly boring.Шаблон:Sfn The de Bellegarde sisters came into the acquaintance of the Шаблон:Ill, an aristocratic hostess and former mistress of the prominent diplomat Talleyrand,Шаблон:Sfn who (according to Coigny) "Шаблон:Lang" ("immediately made them [the de Bellegardes] her slaves"),Шаблон:Sfn and on whose encouragement the sisters organised regular dinners with a group of influential artistic and literary figures, including Népomucène Lemercier, Alexandre Duval, François Gérard, and Talleyrand, which they continued for around five years.Шаблон:Sfn

On October 7, 1794,Шаблон:Efn taking advantage of the law of 23 AprilШаблон:Efn which allowed the spouses of Шаблон:Lang to obtain a divorce unilaterally, de Bellegarde was granted a divorce from Friedrich,Шаблон:Sfn which he contested until at least 1804.Шаблон:Efn In the winter of 1797, the sisters returned to Savoy, staying in Chambéry until February 1798.Шаблон:Sfn Vermale suggests that they may have taken part in the ball thrown by Talleyrand for Napoleon on 15 January 1798, celebrating the general's return from Italy, to which he invited "Шаблон:Lang" ("the prettiest and most elegant women in Paris"), who attended in Greco-Roman costume.Шаблон:Sfn

After the Republic (1804–1830)

After Napoleon's coronation in December 1804, de la Fuye writes, the de Bellegardes "waged … a campaign of resistance in the manner of Mme. de Staël",Шаблон:Sfn whose network of contacts and Шаблон:Lang-goers (known as the Coppet group) has been described as a "centre on the periphery" in opposition to Napoleonic Paris.Шаблон:Sfn Their long-time associate Talleyrand had, since at least 1808, been convinced that Napoleon would eventually be defeated and secretly working with foreign powers against him;Шаблон:Sfn in Vermale's analysis, the de Bellegarde's turned most significantly against Napoleon in 1812, during the failed French invasion of Russia.Шаблон:Sfn According to an anecdote told by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, who visited their Шаблон:Lang during the period, the sisters read a newspaper report on the retreat from Moscow: seeing that it ended with an optimistic comment about the emperor's health, they "Шаблон:Lang" ("threw the newspaper away in a blaze of indignation").Шаблон:Sfn A prominent figure in their social circle during this period was Шаблон:Ill, a military officer and royalist who became a lover of Aimée de Coigny: Vermale credits him with converting the de Bellegardes to his political views.Шаблон:Sfn

Painting of a man in nineteenth-century formal uniform.

Talleyrand, painted here in 1808 by de Bellegarde's associate Gérard, was a prominent patron of de Bellegarde in the Napoleonic period.

After the Bourbon restoration of 1814, they left Paris for the Шаблон:Lang, which had been returned to Sardinia following Napoleon's defeat.Шаблон:Sfn For the most part, they lived quietly, though they gained a reputation as royalists.Шаблон:Sfn In September, they joined a group of Savoyards in Chambéry (which was still under French control) agitating for the region to remain part of France.Шаблон:Sfn During Napoleon's brief return to power during the Hundred Days in 1815, the Шаблон:Lang was the headquarters of Colonel Pierre Marin DurandШаблон:Sfn of the Шаблон:Ill, one of the few officers in the south-east to remain loyal to the royalist government in Paris.Шаблон:Sfn The de Bellegardes took refuge in Nyon in Switzerland.Шаблон:Sfn While there, they met Alphonse de Lamartine, who would become famous in the 1820s as a poet,Шаблон:Sfn and interceded on his behalf in a quarrel with a Bernese officer, who had spoken in praise of Napoleon.Шаблон:Sfn

After the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, de Bellegarde and Aurore visited de Staël at Coppet,Шаблон:Sfn then returned to France.Шаблон:Sfn They lived for a while in Épinay-sur-Orge with de Coigny;Шаблон:Sfn afterwards, they divided their time between winters in Paris and summers in Chenoise.Шаблон:Sfn There, de la Fuye records that "Шаблон:Lang" ("they were the providence of the unfortunate"), to whom they opened their home alongside the elite of French society.Шаблон:Sfn Frequent visitors included Talleyrand, the Dukes of Polignac and Louis Henri, Prince of Condé,Шаблон:Sfn who maintained a set of hunting equipment there.Шаблон:Sfn They were also known for their public balls, held in front of their château.Шаблон:Sfn

In later life, both sisters turned to religion,Шаблон:Sfn and Aurore became a "Canoness of the Royal Chapel of Saint Anne of Munich" in 1826.Шаблон:Sfn A regular caller at their house was the royalist political theorist turned priest Antoine Eugène Genoud,Шаблон:Sfn who mentioned the de Bellegarde sisters in his memoirsШаблон:Sfn and acted as a tutor to Adèle's son Louis.Шаблон:Sfn

De Bellegarde died on 7 January 1830 in Paris,Шаблон:Sfn at her son's apartment on Rue Voltaire.Шаблон:Sfn In her will, she expressed her wish to be buried in the churchyard at Chenoise, without expense, and that a hundred francs be given to the poor.Шаблон:Sfn After her death, Aurore placed a stone in the churchyard with an inscription in Adèle's memory and the words "Шаблон:Lang" ("pray for her that loved you"), but the location of her tomb is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn Aurore died on 7 March 1840, and was buried in Montmartre Cemetery.Шаблон:Sfn

Work with Jacques-Louis David

Шаблон:Main

Detail from The Intervention of the Sabine Women, showing the two central female figures

Detail from The Intervention of the Sabine Women: the face and hairstyle of the figure crouching to the right are de Bellegarde's, while her sister Aurore modelled for Hersilia, seen in the centre.

Jacques-Louis David began planning The Intervention of the Sabine women during his imprisonment in the Palais du Luxembourg from 29 May to 3 August 1795. According to a popular account, he was inspired to paint it in honour of his then-estranged wife, Charlotte, after she visited him there.Шаблон:Sfn He began preparations shortly after his release, in the autumn of 1795, assisted in his research by his student Pierre-Maximilien Delafontaine.Шаблон:Sfn From February 1796, he worked in a temporary studio in the Louvre,Шаблон:Sfn and later moved to premises on the Champs-Élysées, where his meeting with the de Bellegardes took place.Шаблон:Sfn

The female models for The Intervention of the Sabine Women were aristocratic women, whose appearances David blended with those of Classical sculptures.Шаблон:Sfn Numerous apocryphal anecdotes arose in Paris about their involvement in the painting, particularly regarding how David came to meet the de Bellegarde sisters,Шаблон:Sfn which have been described as part of the painting's "legend".Шаблон:Sfn

Aurore de Bellegarde became David's model for Hersilia, while Adèle modelled for the crouching figure seen to her right.Шаблон:Sfn Sources disagree as to how the arrangement began: in the version reported by Miette de Villars in 1850, the sisters and Thérésa Tallien, by then a leading figure in Parisian high society,Шаблон:Sfn heard that David had been struggling to find female models and visited his studio in the nude, offering to model for Hersilia.Шаблон:Sfnm David is said to have exclaimed "Шаблон:Lang" ("Шаблон:Lang, here I am like Paris in front of the three Graces!").Шаблон:Sfn In a second version reported by David's student Étienne-Jean Delécluze in 1855, the de Bellegardes were brought to the studio by Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Efn a friend of David's, and caught the painter's attention with their long and beautiful hairstyles.Шаблон:Sfn Certainly, both de Bellegarde sisters were well known among the Parisian art world, and for their acquaintance with artists of various genres.Шаблон:Sfn

In de Villars' version, David was most taken by Aurore, who sat for Hersitia, only asking Adèle and Tallien to pose "out of politeness".Шаблон:Sfn According to Delécluze, however, it was Adèle's long, dark hair that most interested him: at the time, he had already painted the crouching figure next to Hersitia (which had been completed by October 1796),Шаблон:Sfn and expressed regret that he had not had de Bellegarde's face as a model from which to do so. De Bellegarde accordingly allowed him to repaint the figure's face and hair after her own,Шаблон:Sfn while he used part of Aurore's leg in his figure of Hersitia.Шаблон:Sfn David's use of the de Bellegarde sisters as models has been interpreted as creating a link between the mythological Sabine Women and Parisian women of his own time,Шаблон:Sfn which has itself been interpreted as "affording a familial basis for the reconciliation of a divided and warring post-Revolutionary France".Шаблон:Sfn

According to Delécluze, the attention David paid to the painting of Adèle's face led to rumours of an affair between her and the painter, which Delécluze considered baseless.Шаблон:Sfn Other rumours circulated as to whether she had posed fully nude.Шаблон:Sfn

The Intervention of the Sabine Women was first exhibited at the Louvre on December 21, 1799,Шаблон:Sfn a few weeks after the Coup of 18 Brumaire,Шаблон:Sfn in what has been described as "the major artistic event of the late 1790s in Paris."Шаблон:Sfn Contemporaries recorded that Adèle and Aurore de Bellegarde attended the Paris Opera on the opening night of the exhibition, with their clothing and hair modelled after their appearances in the painting.Шаблон:Sfn The two women have been a focal point of twenty-first century scholarship on the painting.Шаблон:Sfn The diaphanous gowns worn by their characters were credited for starting a fashion for similar outfits, known as dresses Шаблон:Lang ("Ancient-style")Шаблон:Sfn among Parisian high society.Шаблон:Sfn Such dresses formed part of the Greek Revival Directoire style of women's clothing popular during the Directoire period, a trend closely associated with the de Bellegardes' friend Thérésa Tallien and the aristocratic subculture known as the merveilleuses ("marvellous women").Шаблон:Sfn

Personal life and relationships

Marriage to Friedrich de Bellegarde

A white-haired man in a blue jacket, facing the viewer.

Merlin de Douai, painted by Шаблон:Ill in 1812

De Bellegarde married her cousin Friedrich in 1787, and had a son and a daughter with him by 1791.Шаблон:Sfn She secured a divorce on 7 October 1794.Шаблон:Sfn To do so, she obtained an Шаблон:Lang ("act of notoriety") from six citizens of Paris, which attested that Friedrich had abandoned her in Chambéry, that they had been estranged for more than two years, and that he had sent her no news during this period.Шаблон:Sfn On Adèle's release from prison in 1794, Friedrich wrote to her, via his servant, in German, demanding that she nullify the divorce.Шаблон:Sfn After the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1796, which established peace between Sardinia and France but confirmed the loss of Savoy,Шаблон:Sfn Friedrich moved into the service of Austria, where he was seriously wounded at the Battle of Marengo,Шаблон:Sfn but rose to the rank of lieutenant-general and became a chamberlain to Emperor Francis II Шаблон:Sfn in Vienna.Шаблон:Sfnm In 1797 or 1798,Шаблон:Efn Friedrich's name was formally inscribed on a list of émigrés, placing a sequester on his property which he managed to overturn on 9 June 1798.Шаблон:Sfn

On 17 April 1802, de Bellegarde sold the Шаблон:Lang in Chambéry, without consulting Friedrich, who saw the property as his by marriage.Шаблон:Sfn In March 1803, Friedrich returned to Paris:Шаблон:Sfn on 27 April, he obtained a judgement stating that, based on the 1798 ruling, he had never been an émigré, and so Adèle could not consider him estranged; therefore, the judgement stated that she had in fact abandoned him, and so had no right to divorce under French law.Шаблон:Sfn Adèle appealed to the Шаблон:Lang, the Minister of Justice Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai, who referred the matter to Napoleon. Napoleon wrote back on 10 November 1804 that the 1798 decision to return Friedrich's property rights had been "purely administrative", and so could not be used to support his claim for the nullification of the divorce, and referred the matter back to a lower court.Шаблон:Sfn Friedrich's suit was ultimately unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfnm He returned to Paris and met with Adèle in a notary's office to negotiate terms: after several meetings, the two signed an agreement on 3 April 1805 that Friedrich would no longer seek an annulment of the divorce, that the ownership of the Шаблон:Lang would pass to Adèle and Friedrich's children, and that Adèle would enjoy the use of it for life.Шаблон:Sfn According to Daudet, they never saw each other again.Шаблон:Sfn Friedrich de Bellegarde died in Graz in January 1830, a few days after Adèle and shortly after the death in childbirth of their daughter.Шаблон:Sfn

Lovers, friends and family

Painting of an ageing man with short brown hair in a blue jacket, facing right.

Rouget de Lisle — known as "Lili" in de Bellegarde's letters — portrayed in 1835

The de Bellegarde sisters were both celebrated for their beauty and condemned for their "scandalous" sexual behaviour.Шаблон:Sfn Both Adèle and Aurore had many admirers among influential Parisian men, including the Minister of War Aubert du Bayet, who declared himself "mad" about them,Шаблон:Sfn and Boutier de Catus — a military officer and a significant figure in the prosecution that had led to de Séchelles' execution — whose marriage proposal Adèle refused in 1796.Шаблон:Sfn

Their reputation played a significant role in contemporary debates as women's visibility in society, as well as their sexual rights and mores, which were themselves significant to the politics and ideology of the revolutionary Republic. In the words of the art historian Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby:

Шаблон:BlockquoteThrough Aimée de Coigny,Шаблон:Sfn who invited him to Épinay in autumn 1800,Шаблон:Sfn de Bellegarde met and began a relationship with the operatic singer Pierre-Jean Garat.Шаблон:Sfn They had two children: a son, Léon or Louis,Шаблон:Efn on 16 October 1801,Шаблон:Sfn and a daughter on 16 July 1802.Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Efn De Bellegarde and Garat's relationship ended shortly after the birth of their daughter, who was brought up by Garat: Louis was adopted by Aurore and took the name Louis de Chenoise, after the de Bellegardes' maternal family seat.Шаблон:Sfn In 1815, de Chenoise enlisted in the army of Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who was fighting against Napoleon on behalf of Louis XVIII: after the Second Bourbon Restoration, de Chenoise joined the French army in 1816, serving until 1833 as a cavalry officer. He died, childless, in 1837.Шаблон:Sfn

De Bellegarde maintained a long-term correspondence and friendship with Rouget de Lisle, to whom she referred in her letters as "Lili".Шаблон:Sfn His 1797 essay Шаблон:Lang was dedicated to the de Bellegardes.Шаблон:Sfnm She had a particularly close relationship with her sister, Aurore. In her will of December 1826, Adèle wrote: "I will never in this world be able to repay my sister all that I owe to her … God will reward her for all the good which her generous friendship has done for me, for all her generosity on my account, for her patience and her kindness. I add to this recognition the gift of all that I can give."Шаблон:Refn

Footnotes

Explanatory notes

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References

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Bibliography

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Primary sources (memoirs and personal reflections)

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Secondary and academic sources