Английская Википедия:Aditya-L1

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Aditya-L1 (/aːd̪it̪jə/)Шаблон:Efn (from Sanskrit: Aditya, "Sun" and L1, "Lagrange point 1") is a coronagraphy spacecraft for studying the solar atmosphere, designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes. It will be orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) between the Earth and the Sun, where it will study the solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms, and their impact on the environment around the Earth.

It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observe the Sun. Nigar Shaji is the project's director. Aditya-L1 was launched aboard the PSLV C57 at 11:50 IST on 2 September 2023, ten days after the successful landing of ISRO's Moon mission, Chandrayaan-3. It successfully achieved its intended orbit nearly an hour later, and separated from its fourth stage at 12:57 IST. It is projected to reach its designated orbit at the L1 point on 6 January 2024, at around 4 p.m.

Mission objectives

The main objectives of Aditya-L1 are:

• To observe the dynamics of the Sun's chromosphere and corona:
  • To study chromospheric and coronal heating, the physics of partially ionised plasma, of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their origins, of the coronal magnetic field and heat transfer mechanisms, and flare exchanges.
• To observe the physical particle environment around its position.
• To determine the sequence of processes in multiple layers below the corona that lead to solar eruptions.
• To study space weather, and the origin, composition and dynamics of solar wind.

History

Файл:Aditya L1.jpg

Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration

Файл:Aditya-L1 spacecraft diagram.jpg

Aditya-L1 in deployed configuration

The mission was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS). It was initially envisaged as a small, Шаблон:Cvt satellite in a Low Earth Orbit (800 km) with a coronagraph to study the solar corona. An experimental budget of Шаблон:INR was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017. The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it became a comprehensive solar and space environment observatory to be placed at Lagrange point 1 (L1), hence the mission was renamed as "Aditya-L1". Шаблон:As of, the mission has an allocated cost of Шаблон:INR, excluding launch costs.

Overview

Файл:Lagrange-better.png

Lagrange points in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.

The mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch to reach the halo orbit around the L1 point, which is about Шаблон:Cvt from Earth. The spacecraft is planned to remain in the halo orbit for its mission duration while being maintained at a stationkeeping Δv of 0.2–4 m/s per year. The Шаблон:Cvt satellite carries seven science payloads with various objectives, including instruments to measure coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, coronal magnetometry, origin and monitoring of near-UV solar radiation (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to the chromosphere and corona, and in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind, and solar magnetic storms.

Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the Sun's photosphere, chromosphere and corona. Its scientific payloads must be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field, and hence, could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit, as proposed in the original mission concept back in 2008.

One of the major unsolved problems in the field of solar physics is coronal heating. The upper atmosphere of the Sun has a temperature of Шаблон:Cvt, whereas the lower atmosphere is just Шаблон:Cvt. In addition, it is not understood exactly how the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on a shorter as well as a longer time scale. The mission will obtain near-simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which will reveal the ways in which energy is channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus, the mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and heliophysics.

Payloads

Файл:Aditya-L1 spacecraft.jpg

The Aditya spacecraft before integration with the PSLV rocket

The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere, mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at the L1 point. There are seven payloads onboard, with four for remote sensing of the Sun and three for in-situ observation. The payloads have been developed by different laboratories in the country with close collaborations of various ISRO centres.

Type	Sl.No	Payload	Capability	Laboratories
Remote Sensing Payloads	1	Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)	Corona Imaging and spectroscopy	Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore
	2	Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)	Photosphere and chromosphere imaging-narrow and broadband	Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pune
	3	Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)	Soft X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation	U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bangalore
	4	High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)	Hard X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation
In-situ Payloads	5	Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)	Solar wind and Particle analyzer: Protons and Heavier ions with directions	Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
	6	Plasma Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)	Solar wind and Particle Analyzer: Electrons and Heavier Ions with directions	Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
	7	Advanced Tri-axial High Resolution Digital Magnetometers	In-situ magnetic field (Bx, By and Bz).	Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems, Bangalore

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is a key instrument on the Aditya spacecraft. The VELC is an internally occulted reflective coronagraph designed to fulfil specific observation needs. The instrument allows for high spatial resolution imaging 1.25-2.5 arcseconds of the Sun's corona, simultaneous observations in three modes (Imaging, Spectroscopy and Spectro-polarimetry), and even utilizes artificial intelligence to aid in the detection of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The instrument was developed by Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore.

Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)

The SUIT is an ultraviolet imaging telescope designed to study the solar spectral radiation in the ultraviolet range, using narrowband and broadband spectral filters in the range of 200-400 nm with the hope of developing a better understanding between solar activity and the atmospheric dynamics of Earth. The SUIT provides near-simultaneous coverage of the solar atmosphere, from lower photosphere to the upper chromosphere. The instrument was developed by Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pune, in collaboration with ISRO.

Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)

The SoLEXS is an X-ray spectrometer designed to continuously measure the solar soft X-ray flux (1 keV-22 keV) from the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L1. These measurements can be used to better understand the properties of the Sun's corona, in particular, why the temperature of the corona is so high. The SoLEXS will observe solar flares, and in conjunction with data provided by the VELC, will help study the complex thermal properties of the Sun's outer layers. The instrument was developed by U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bangalore.

High Energy L-1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)

Developed by the Space Astronomy Group, URSC, the HEL1OS (pronounced helios) is an x-ray spectrometer designed to study solar flares in the x-ray spectrum, in particular, energy bands of 10-150 Kev (kilo-electron volts). Using a twin-pair of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors, the instrument aims to study the acceleration and movement of electrons in the Sun's corona, as well as to study the cut-off energy between thermal and non-thermal solar emissions.

Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)

The ASPEX is an instrument composed of low and high energy particle spectrometers, designed to conduct measurements of the Sun's solar wind particles. SWISS, the low energy spectrometer, contains two analysers, each designed to study particles entering the device in different planes. STEPS, the high energy spectrometer, also consists of two parts, STEPS 1 and STEPS 2, both designed to separate protons and alpha particles and measure the integrated flux. The instrument was developed by Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.

Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)

The PAPA is an instrument onboard the Aditya-L1 designed to study the temperature, distribution and velocity of the solar winds. The instrument contains two sensors; the Solar Wind Electron Energy Probe (SWEEP) and the Solar Wind lon Composition Analyser (SWICAR). The detectors are used in conjunction to analyse the energy levels of electrons and ions within the solar wind. The instrument was developed by the Space Physics Laboratory of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.

Digital Magnetometers

Onboard the Aditya-L1 spacecraft are a pair of magnetic sensors on a deployable boom, one positioned in the middle and the other at the tip. The purpose of these sensors is to gather information about the magnitude and direction of the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF), as well as to study other events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CME). Data from the magnetic sensors will be used to supplement that of the PAPA and ASPEX sensors.

Mission profile

Файл:Flight Sequence.pdf

Flight Sequence of PSLV-C57

Launch

Файл:PSLV-C57, Aditya-L1 - Launch Vehicle being transferred from Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to Second Launch Pad (SLP) 05.webp

PSLV-C57 on launch pad housing Aditya-L1

On 2 September 2023, at 11:50 IST, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C57) accomplished a successful launch of the Aditya-L1 from the Second Launch Pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) located in Sriharikota.

Aditya-L1, following a flight duration of 63 minutes and 20 seconds, achieved a successful injection into an elliptical orbit around the Earth at 12:54 IST.

Aditya-L1 is scheduled to undergo a series of four Earth-bound orbital maneuvres prior to its injection to a transfer orbit towards the L1 Lagrange point. It is projected to reach its designated orbit at the L1 point approximately 127 days after its launch on 7 January 2024.

Orbit raising burns

Файл:Aditya L1 's Trajectory.pdf

Trajectory of PSLV-C57/Aditya L1 Mission

First orbit raising burn

On 3 September 2023, the Aditya-L1 performed its first Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a Шаблон:Cvt into Шаблон:Cvt orbit.

Second orbit raising burn

On 5 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its second Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a Шаблон:Cvt into Шаблон:Cvt orbit.

Third orbit raising burn

On 10 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its third Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a Шаблон:Cvt into Шаблон:Cvt orbit.

Fourth orbit raising burn

On 15 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its fourth Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its original orbit to a Шаблон:Cvt into Шаблон:Cvt orbit. This is the last of such maneuvres, being directly followed by the Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection, bound to take place on 19 September.

Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection

On 19 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its last maneuvre around Earth to escape its orbit and headed towards the Lagrange 1 point. It will take at least four months to further reach its destination, 1.5 million kilometers away.

On 30 September 2023, Aditya-L1 had escaped the Earth’s sphere of influence and was on the way to the Lagrange 1 point.

Trajectory correction maneuver

On 6 October 2023, Aditya-L1 performed a Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM1). It was needed to correct the trajectory evaluated after tracking the Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre performed on 19 September 2023.

Mission stages and maneuvres

Stage and Sequence	Date/Time	Time (IST)	Periapsis	Apoapsis	Orbital Period	Burn TIme	Шаблон:Refh
Launch
Earth Orbit Insertion	2 September 2023	12:54 p.m	Шаблон:Cvt	Шаблон:Cvt	22 hours, 46 minutes
Earth Bound maneuvres
Earth Bound maneuvre 1	3 September 2023	11:40 a.m.	Шаблон:Cvt	Шаблон:Cvt	39 hours, 20 minutes
Earth Bound maneuvre 2	5 September 2023	3:00 a.m	Шаблон:Cvt	Шаблон:Cvt	4 days, 23 hours and 30 minutes
Earth Bound maneuvre 3	10 September 2023	2:30 am	Шаблон:Cvt	Шаблон:Cvt	4 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes
Earth Bound maneuvre 4	15 September 2023	2:15 am	Шаблон:Cvt	Шаблон:Cvt	3 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes
Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Injection	19 September 2023	2:00 am
Trajectory correction maneuvres
Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM)	6 October 2023					16s
Halo orbit injection
Halo orbit insertion	6 January 2024

Team

• Nigar Shaji - Project director
• Sankarasubramanian K - Principal scientist of the mission

See also

• Шаблон:Annotated link
• Solar space missions
• Шаблон:Annotated link
• Шаблон:Annotated link
• Шаблон:Annotated link
• Шаблон:Annotated link
• Шаблон:Annotated link
• Шаблон:Annotated link

External links

• ISRO page for Aditya-L1