Английская Википедия:Adjarians
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group Шаблон:Georgians The Adjarians (Шаблон:Lang-ka)Шаблон:Efn, also known as Muslim Georgians,Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn are an ethnographic group of Georgians indigenous to Adjara in south-western Georgia. Adjarian settlements are also found in the Georgian provinces of Guria, Kvemo Kartli, and Kakheti, as well as in several areas of neighbouring Turkey.
Adjarians converted to Islam during the Ottoman rule of Adjara. Under the 1921 Treaty of Kars, Adjara was granted autonomy, to protect its Muslim faith. Despite their conversion to Islam, Adjarians have kept the Georgian language (with their own dialect) and traditions.[1] Still, their self-identification is ambiguous as their Islamic background is at odds with the Orthodox faith of their Georgian peers.Шаблон:Sfn In the 1926 census, Ajars were categorized as a distinct ethnic group. In the 1939 census, they were included in the same category as Georgians.[2] Since Georgian independence, most Adjarians consider themselves Georgians,Шаблон:Sfn[3] but many Georgians see Muslim Adjarians as second-class "Turkicized" Georgians.[4][5][2]
History
Although the Ottoman millet system allowed its subjects extensive self-governance and religious freedom, many Adjarians chose to convert to Islam during the 200 years of Ottoman presence in the 16th and 17th centuries.Шаблон:Sfn[6] This conversion marked a differentiation from the Georgian cultural identity, which strongly identifies as Orthodox Christian.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
During the 1853–1856 Crimean War and the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, many Adjarians fought on the side of the Turks.Шаблон:Sfn The Ottomans were forced to cede Adjara to the expanding Russian Empire in 1878 under the Treaty of Berlin.Шаблон:Sfn Russian authorities initially promoted emigration and many Adjarians moved to the Ottoman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn However, Russian authorities then tried to win the loyalty of Adjarians by building mosques and madrassas.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, many muhacir came back to Adjara.Шаблон:Sfn
Achara joined the territory of Soviet Georgia under the 1921 Treaty of Kars, between the Ottoman Empire and the USSR. The treaty required that Achara would have "administrative autonomy and the right to develop its own culture, its own religion, and its own agrarian regime" to protect the Acharan Muslim identity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the time, Adjarians identified with their Turkish neighbors and fellow Muslims rather than with Georgians.Шаблон:Sfn However, the Soviet atheist ideology dampened religious practice in the region, thus diminishing the Adjarian legitimation for autonomy within the Soviet system. In the 1920s, the Achars rebelled against the Soviet anti-Islamic activities and collectivization reforms.Шаблон:Sfn Still, over time Adjarians began to identify more with the Georgians, whose language they spoke.Шаблон:Sfn
The Georgian population of Adjara had been generally known as Muslim Georgians until the 1926 Soviet census listed them as Adjarians, separate from the rest of Georgians, counting 71,426 of them.[7] In subsequent censuses (1939–1989), they were listed with other Georgians, as no official Soviet census asked about religion.
In 1989, during an anti-Soviet demonstration in Batumi, Zviad Gamsakhurdia said to thousands of Adjarians: "Dear Adjarians, you are also Georgians!" According to some commentators, by using "also", Gamsakhurdia excluded Adjarians from the state building process.[8][9] Others considered that there was nothing unusual about this statement.[10] According to his Foreign Minister, Giorgi Khoshtaria, Gamsakhurdia saw Adjarians as Christian Georgians polluted by years of Ottoman rule.Шаблон:Sfn During the first free parliamentary elections, Gamsakhurdia's coalition (Round Table – Free Georgia) won a landslide victory with 54% of the vote. However, in the Ajara region, the coalition only received 24% of the votes, because of Gamsakhurdia's public statements against the region's autonomy.[11][12]
There was a resurgence of the Adjarian religious identity during the dissolution of the USSR.Шаблон:Sfn Islamic religious practice became the cultural norm, madrassas reopened and the call to prayer sounded from mosques.Шаблон:Sfn Adjarians protested in Batumi in 1991, after Gamsakhurdia announced the end of Adjara's autonomy.Шаблон:Sfn Local leader Abashidze leveraged the ongoing Islamic revival to advance his political goals.Шаблон:Sfn He organized Muslim rallies in Batumi in 1992, demanding political, economic, and cultural autonomy for the Ajar region.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the wars with Abkhazia and South Ossetia, he unilaterally took power without formal agreement and started to withhold tax revenue and capture Adjara's considerable wealth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Head Mufti of Achara, Haji Mahmud Kamashidze, supported Abashidze in his power struggle against Gamsakhurdia's government.Шаблон:Sfn However, after Abashidze reached his goals, he stopped using the Muslim movement and gradually erased Adjara's cultural characteristics:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He built churches, promoted conversion to Christianity and asserted that Adjara was not separatist.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Ajarians, like Ossetians and Abkhazians, benefit from a special regime to claim Russian citizenship with an expedited application process, perceived as Russian interference by Georgia.[13]
Religion
In the sixteenth century, the majority of Adjara's population was Christian. By the end of the eighteenth century, all Adjarians were Muslim.Шаблон:Sfn
The collapse of the Soviet Union and Georgian independence accelerated the Christianization of some Adjarians, especially among the young, under the government of Zviad Gamsakhurdia.[14][15][16][17] However, many Adjarians, particularly around Khulo, remain Sunni Muslim.Шаблон:Sfn According to Ghia Nodia, as of 2006, most Adjarians are Muslims but consider themselves ethnic Georgians.[3]
Censuses in independent Georgia do not include an "Adjarian" category, nor do they distinguish between ethnic Georgian Muslims and other Muslims, such as Azerbaijanis.Шаблон:Sfn
Language
Adjarians speak Adjarian, a Georgian dialect related to the one spoken in the neighbouring northern province of Guria, but with a number of Turkish loanwords. Adjarian also possesses many features in common with the Zan languages (Mingrelian and Laz), which are sisters to Georgian and are included in the Kartvelian language group.Шаблон:Cn
See also
- Chveneburi, ethnic Georgians in Turkey many of whom are of Adjarian heritage
- Laz people, Kartvelian-speaking ethnic subgroup of Georgians
Notes
References
Sources
Шаблон:European Muslims Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Georgia Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
- ↑ Wheatley, Jonathan. Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution : Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union. Post-Soviet Politics 290704146. Aldershot [etc.]: Ashgate, 2005: 229
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ George Sanikidze and Edward W. Walker (2004), Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies.
