Английская Википедия:Adur Gushnasp
Adur Gushnasp (Шаблон:Lang-pal ʾtwly ZY gšnsp[1] Ādur ī Gušnasp; New Persian: Шаблон:Lang Āzargušasb)[2] was the name of a Zoroastrian sacred fire of the highest grade (Atash Behram), which served as one of the three most sacred fires of pre-Islamic Iran;Шаблон:Sfn the two others being the Adur Farnbag and Adur Burzen-Mihr.Шаблон:Sfn Out of the three, Adur Gushnasp is the only fire whose temple structure has been discovered and "for which archaeological, sigillographical, and textual evidence are all available."Шаблон:Sfn
History
Location and purpose
The temple, constructed by the Sasanian kings, was located in the city of Shiz in Adurbadagan, now present-day Takht-e Soleymān in the West Azerbaijan province.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It served as a prominent site of pilgrimage.Шаблон:Sfn The identification of the site of Takht-e Soleyman with that of the fire temple of Adur Gushnasp became clear when a Sasanian era-bullae was discovered there, which had the following engraving "High-priest of the house of the fire of Gushnasp" (mowbed i xanag i Adur i Gushnasp).Шаблон:Sfn
Origin
The fire is not mentioned in early Sasanian sources, and archaeology suggests that the fire was first taken to the site in Adurbadagan in the late 4th or early 5th-century.Шаблон:Sfn Under the Sasanians, the fire was linked with the warrior class (arteshtār), which the Sasanian dynasty itself belonged to.[3] In the same fashion as the Arsacids on Adur Burzen-Mihr, the Sasanian kings bestowed gifts on the temple of Adur Gushnasp, the first recorded king being Bahram V (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn The latter is mentioned in several instances related to the fire, such as celebrating Nowruz and Sadeh there, and also entrusting the high priest to convert his Indian wife.Шаблон:Sfn Khosrow I (Шаблон:Reign) reportedly visited the fire before launching a military expedition.Шаблон:Sfn
He also bestowed on the fire temple an extensive amount that was part of the tribute which the Byzantines paid the Sasanians.Шаблон:Sfn Kings were not the only ones who made offerings to the fire; according to the Saddar Bundahesh, it is recommended that when praying to reclaim eyesight to swear, "I shall make an eye of gold and send it to Adur Gushnasp" or, in order to make a child become astute and sensible, send a present to the fire.Шаблон:Sfn The fire temple of Adur Gushnasp was renowned for its immense amount of wealth in Byzantine and Islamic sources.Шаблон:Sfn
Sack by the Byzantines
The fire temple was sacked in 623/4 by Heraclius during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.[4] The Iranians succeeded in saving the fire, which they later restored to the temple, which was quickly rebuilt.[5] The apocalyptical Middle Persian text Zand-i Wahman yasn may report some form of contemporary memory of the destruction of the temple; "They will remove Adur Gushnasp from its place . . . on account of (the devastation of) these armies, Adur Gushnasp will be carried to Padishkhwargar."Шаблон:Sfn
Decline and fall
The fire continued to burn for a long period in the Islamic era, but persecution eventually increased, and by the late 10th-century, or early 11th-century, the fire had most likely been quenched.Шаблон:Sfn Not long after, a local Muslim ruler used the remains of the temple to erect a palace on the hilltop.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:ODLA
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal Шаблон:Free access
Further reading
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ New Persian variants: Шаблон:Lang Āzargušnasb, Шаблон:Lang Āzaršaspc; see Dehkhoda Dictionary
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb; Шаблон:Harvnb
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