Английская Википедия:Adyghe language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Circassians
Adyghe (Шаблон:IPAc-en or Шаблон:IPAc-en;[1]Шаблон:Efn also known as West Circassian, Адыгабзэ /aːdɘɣaːbzɜ/) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians.[2] It is spoken mainly in Russia, as well as in Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Israel, where Circassians settled after the Circassian genocide (Шаблон:Circa–1870). It is closely related to the Kabardian (East Circassian) language, though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian language.
The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its Temirgoy dialect. Adyghe and Russian are the two official languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation.
In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in Turkey, spoken by the diaspora from the Russian–Circassian War (Шаблон:Circa–1864). In addition, the Adyghe language is spoken by the Cherkesogai in Krasnodar Krai.
Adyghe belongs to the family of Northwest Caucasian languages. Kabardian (also known as East Circassian) is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching Circassian language. Ubykh, Abkhaz and Abaza are somewhat more distantly related to Adyghe.
Dialects
The Black Sea coast dialects
- Shapsug dialect (Шаблон:Lang-ady)
- North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ шху) dialect
- Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ)
- Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (Кӏэмгуе-шапсыгъ)
- South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs, Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect
- Hakuchi dialect (Хьакӏуцубзэ, Къарацхаибзэ)
- North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ шху) dialect
- Natukhai dialect (Шаблон:Lang-ady)
- Zhaney dialect
The Kuban River dialects
- Bzhedug dialect (Шаблон:Lang-ady): spoken by Circassians in the Republic of Adygea and the Biga district of the city of Çanakkale in Turkey
- Temirgoy (Шаблон:Lang-ady): literary standard of Adyghe. Also spoken by Circassians in the Republic of Adygea
- Abzakh dialect (Шаблон:Lang-ady): spoken by Circassians in the village of Rehaniya in Israel and Circassians in Syria from the Golan Heights
- Mamkhegh dialect
- Yegeruqay dialect
- Hatuqwai dialect
- Mequash dialect
Phonology
Шаблон:Main Adyghe exhibits between 50 and 60 consonants depending on the dialect. All dialects possess a contrast between plain and labialized glottal stops. A very unusual minimal contrast, and possibly unique to the Abzakh dialect of Adyghe, is a three-way contrast between plain, labialized and palatalized glottal stops (although a palatalized glottal stop is also found in Hausa and a labialized one in Tlingit). The Shapsug (Black Sea) dialect of Adyghe contains a very uncommon sound: a voiceless bidental fricative Шаблон:IPAblink, which corresponds to the voiceless velar fricative Шаблон:IPAblink found in other varieties of Adyghe. This sound is only known to be used in the Black Sea dialect.
- These consonants exist only in borrowed words.
- Note: Adyghe has many consonants that appear across its dialects, and thus has a complex system of consonant allophony. More information on those can be found at Adyghe phonology.
In contrast to its large inventory of consonants, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in a vertical vowel system.[3]
| Central | |
|---|---|
| Close-mid | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Open-mid | Шаблон:IPAlink |
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink |
Grammar
Шаблон:Main Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has a basic agent–object–verb typology and is characterised by the ergative construction of sentences.
Orthography
The official alphabet for Adyghe is the Cyrillic script, which has been used since 1936. Before that, the Arabic script was used. In recent years, a new Latin script has been devisedШаблон:By whom that seeks to include phonemes from all the Adyghe and Kabardian dialects, as well as other North Caucasian languages.Шаблон:Citation needed
Orthography rules
- The letter Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA is not written after a Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA or a labialised consonant. For example: унэ Шаблон:IPA "house" instead of уынэ.
- In case the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: унэ instead of уынэ. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: чэту Шаблон:IPA "cat" instead of чэтыу.
- In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA, instead of the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket there is a Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: гъогу Шаблон:IPA "road" instead of гъуэгу.
- In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA, the labialised consonant letter is written fully. For example: цуакъэ Шаблон:IPA "shoes".
- In case the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wɐ] Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example, о Шаблон:IPA "you" instead of уэ.
- In case the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: еӏо Шаблон:IPA "he says" instead of йэӏо. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: делэ Шаблон:IPA "fool" instead of дэйлэ.
- In case the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: илъэс Шаблон:IPA "year" instead of йылъэс. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angle bracket. For example: сиӏ Шаблон:IPA "I have" instead of сыйӏ.
Vowels
The vowels are written Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA. Other letters represent diphthongs: Шаблон:Angle bracket represents Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angle bracket Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Angle bracket represent Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Angle bracket represents Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.
Other writing systems
The language of Adyghe is officially written in the Cyrillic script but is also unofficially written in the Latin script, in a version of the Arabic script before 1927, and then a version of the Latin alphabet implemented by the Soviet Union until 1938.
-
Adyghe Arabic alphabet used before 1927
-
Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 1)
-
Adyghe Latin alphabet used from 1927 to 1938 (page 2)
-
Comparison of Adyghe Latin and Adyghe Cyrillic alphabets
-
Adyghe Latin alphabet letters
-
Adyghe Arabic alphabet letters
Examples of literary Adyghe
Native vocabulary
| Cyrillic | Transliteration | IPA | Translation |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | I |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | girl |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | to sit |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | to stand |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | How are you? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | I'm fine. |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | horse |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | three |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | star |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | sun |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | moon |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | shoe |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | welcome |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | toe |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | worm |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | egg |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | butterfly |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | train |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | chair |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | prophet |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | ant |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | duck |
Loanwords
| Cyrillic | Latin | Pronunciation | Translation | Origin |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | republic | Russian республика, from Latin rēs pūblica (public concern) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | computer | Russian компьютер, from Latin computāre (to settle together) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | mathematics | Russian математика, from Ancient Greek "μάθημα" máthēma (study, knowledge) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | sports | Russian спорт, from English sport |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | flag | Turkic batrak (spear, stick) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | potato | Russian картофель, from German Kartoffel (potato) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | tomato | Russian томат, from Spanish tomate, from Nahuan tomatl |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | orange | Persian نارنگ nârang or نارنج nâranj |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | salah (Islamic praying) | Persian نماز namâz |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | city | Akkadian kalakku (fort) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:IPA | earth | Arabic دنيا dunyā (world) |
- There are thirteen labialised consonants; however, in some dialects, there are three additional ones: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
Adyghe outside Circassia
Adyghe is taught outside Circassia in Prince Hamza Ibn Al-Hussein Secondary School, a school for Jordanian Adyghes in Jordan's capital city of Amman. This school, established by the Jordanian Adyghes with support from the late king Hussein of Jordan, is one of the first schools for the Adyghe communities outside Circassia. It has around 750 Jordanian Adyghe students, and aims to preserve the Adyghe language and traditions among future generations.[5]
Adyghe is spoken by Circassians in Iraq and by Circassians in Israel, where it is taught in schools in their villages. It is also spoken by many Circassians in Syria, although the majority of Syrian Circassians speak Kabardian.
Publications
There are many books written in or translated into Adyghe. An Adyghe translation of the Quran by Ishak Mashbash is available.[6] The New Testament and many books of the Old Testament have been published in Adyghe by the Institute for Bible Translation in Moscow.
UNESCO 2009 map of endangered languages
According to the UNESCO 2009 map entitled "UNESCO Map of the World's Languages in Danger", the status of the Adyghe language in 2009, along with all its dialects (Adyghe, Western Circassian tribes; and Kabard-Cherkess, Eastern Circassian tribes), is classified as vulnerable.[7]
Sample texts
John 1:1
| John 1:1 in Adyghe | Transliteration | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| <poem>Шаблон:Lang</poem> | <poem>Шаблон:Lang</poem> | <poem>In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. This one was in the beginning With God. All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence. What has come into existence by means of him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light is shining in the darkness, but the darkness has not overpowered it.</poem> |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
| UDHR in Adyghe[8] | Transliteration | IPA | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | [tsʼəf pstawərəj ʂħafəjtawə jaːɬətanəʁara jaːfaʂʷaːʃaxamratʃʼa zafadawə qaːɬfə aqəɮra zaxaʃʼətʃʼ ʁʷaːzara jaːʔaʃə zər zəm zaqʷaʃ azfaːgʷ daɬawə zafəɕətənxa faːja] | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
See also
- Adyghe Maq, the main Adyghe-language newspaper
- Anthem of the Republic of Adygea
Explanatory notes
References
External links
- Grammar of the Circassian Language. Useful site to learn the Adyghe grammar.
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Adyghe alphabet, Omniglot.
- Шаблон:Cite web.
- Adyghe sample, Language Museum.
- Learning Adyghe resource.
- Learn Circassian, International Centre for Circassian Studies (ICCS).
- Rferl North Caucasus Radio.
- Adyghe transliteration tool.
- Ancient Adyghe Abkhaz–Abaza Ubykh alphabet.
- How to count in Adyghe language.
- Adyghe language dictionary.
- Recordings of Adyghe language
Шаблон:Northwest Caucasian languages Шаблон:Languages of the Caucasus Шаблон:Languages of Russia
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