Английская Википедия:Adzebill
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
The adzebills, genus Aptornis, were two closely related bird species, the North Island adzebill, (Aptornis otidiformis), and the South Island adzebill, (Aptornis defossor), of the extinct family Aptornithidae. The family was endemic to New Zealand. A tentative fossil species, (Aptornis proasciarostratus), is known from the Miocene Saint Bathans fauna.[1]
Taxonomy
Adzebills were first scientifically described in 1844 by biologist Richard Owen, who mistook them for a small species of moa.[2] The first species named was Dinornis otidiformis (later Aptornis), with the specific epithet referring to its similarity in size to the great bustard (Otis tarda).[3]
They have been placed in the Gruiformes but this is not entirely certain. It was also proposed to ally them with the Galloanserae.[4] Studies of morphology and DNA sequences place them variously close to and far off from the kagu of New Caledonia,[5] as well as the trumpeters.[6] However, on first discovery of fossils, they were mistaken for ratites, specifically small moa. Its morphological closeness to the kagu may be the result of convergent evolution, although New Zealand's proximity to New Caledonia and shared biological affinities (the two islands are part of the same microcontinent) has led some researchers to suggest they share a common ancestor from Gondwana. The Gondwanan sunbittern is the closest living relative of the kagu, but these are not close to the Gruiformes proper (i.e. cranes, rails and allies).[7][8]
A 2011 genetic study found A. defossor to be a gruiform. There are no available DNA sequences for A. otidiformis, but it was assumed the two species were more closely related to each other than to other birds.[9]
In 2019 two studies came forth with more in-depth phylogenetic methods. The first from Boast et al. (2019) using data from near-complete mitochondrial genome sequences found adzebills to be closely related to the family Sarothruridae, the flufftails.[10] Shortly after another study by Musser and Cracraft (2019), using both morphological and molecular data, found support for adzebills to be closely related to trumpeters of the family Psophiidae instead.[6] The authors took account of Boast et al. (2019) dataset and found it took 18 more steps to support the Aptornithidae-Sarothruridae clade than for Aptornithidae-Psophiidae.
Description
The adzebills were about Шаблон:Convert in length with a weight of Шаблон:Convert, making them about the size of small moa (with which they were initially confused on their discovery) with enormous downward-curving and pointed bill, and strong legs.[11] They were flightless and had extremely reduced wings, smaller than those of the dodo compared to the birds' overall size, and with a uniquely reduced carpometacarpus.[12]
The two species varied mostly in size with the North Island adzebill being the smaller species; their coloration in life is not known however.
Habitat and behaviour
Their fossils have been found in the drier areas of New Zealand, and only in the lowlands. Richard Owen, who described the two species, speculated that it was an omnivore, and analysis of its bones by stable isotope analysis supports this. Levels of enrichment in 13C and 15N for two specimens of Aptornis otidiformis compared with values for a moa, Finsch's duck and insectivores like the owlet-nightjars suggested that the adzebill ate species higher in the food chain than insectivores.[13] They are thought to have fed on large invertebrates, lizards, tuataras and even small birds.
Extinction
The adzebills were never as widespread as the moa but were subjected to the same hunting pressure as these and other large birds by the settling Māori (and predation of eggs/hatchlings by accompanying Polynesian rats and dogs). They became extinct before the arrival of European explorers. The Māori name for A. defossor was "ngutu hahau".[14]
References
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Worthy, Trevor H., & Holdaway, Richard N. (2002) The Lost World of the Moa, Indiana University Press:Bloomington, Шаблон:ISBN
- North Island Adzebill. Aptornis otidiformis. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
- South Island Adzebill. Aptornis defossor. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
Footnotes
Шаблон:Wikispecies Шаблон:Reflist
Шаблон:Birds of New Zealand Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Taxonbar
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Cracraft, J.L. (1982) Phylogenetic relationships and transantarctic biogeography of some gruiform birds. Geobios 6: 393–402.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) An unbiased molecular approach using 3’UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. Molecular Biology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Worthy, T. H., Richard N. Holdaway (2002):p. 212
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
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- Neognathae
- Extinct flightless birds
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- Higher-level bird taxa restricted to New Zealand
- Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
- Holocene extinctions
- Taxa named by Richard Owen
- Fossil taxa described in 1844
- Birds described in 1844
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