Английская Википедия:Affray
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For
In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, affray is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of one or more persons in a public place to the terror (in Шаблон:Lang-fr) of ordinary people. Depending on their actions, and the laws of the prevailing jurisdiction, those engaged in an affray may also render themselves liable to prosecution for assault, unlawful assembly, or riot; if so, it is for one of these offences that they are usually charged.[1]
United Kingdom
England and Wales
The common law offence of affray was abolished[2] for England and Wales[3] on 1 April 1987.[4] Affray is now a statutory offence that is triable either way. It is created by section 3 of the Public Order Act 1986 which provides: Шаблон:Blockquote
The term "violence" is defined by section 8.Шаблон:Clarify
Section 3(6) once provided that a constable could arrest without warrant anyone he reasonably suspected to be committing affray, but that subsection was repealed by paragraph 26(2) of Schedule 7 to, and Schedule 17 to, the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, which includes more general provisions for police to make arrests without warrant.
The mens rea of affray is that person is guilty of affray only if he intends to use or threaten violence or is aware that his conduct may be violent or threaten violence.[5]
The offence of affray has been used by HM Government to address the problem of drunken or violent individuals who cause serious trouble on airliners.Шаблон:Citation needed
In R v Childs & Price (2015),[6][7] the Court of Appeal quashed a murder verdict and replaced it with affray, having dismissed an allegation of common purpose.
Northern Ireland
Affray is a serious offence for the purposes of Chapter 3 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008.[8]
Australia
In New South Wales, section 93C of Crimes Act 1900 defines that a person will be guilty of affray if he or she threatens unlawful violence towards another and his or her conduct is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his or her personal safety.[9] A person will only be guilty of affray if the person intends to use or threaten violence or is aware that his or her conduct may be violent or threaten violence.[10] The maximum penalty for an offence of affray contrary to section 93C is a period of imprisonment of 10 years.[11]
In Queensland, section 72 of the Criminal Code of 1899[12] defines affray as taking part in a fight in a public highway or taking part in a fight of such a nature as to alarm the public in any other place to which the public have access. This definition is taken from that in the English Criminal Code Bill of 1880, cl. 96. Section 72 says "Any person who takes part in a fight in a public place, or takes part in a fight of such a nature as to alarm the public in any other place to which the public have access, commits a misdemeanour. Maximum penalty—1 year’s imprisonment."[13]
India
The Indian Penal Code (sect. 159) adopts the old English common law definition of affray, with the substitution of "actual disturbance of the peace for causing terror to the lieges".[1]
New Zealand
In New Zealand affray has been codified as "fighting in a public place" by section 7 of the Summary Offences Act 1981.[14]
South Africa
Under the Roman-Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of vis publica.[1]
United States
In the United States, the English common law as to affray applies, subject to certain modifications by the statutes of particular states.[1][15]
See also
References
- Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4: General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 247. Oxford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 "Affray", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
- ↑ The Public Order Act 1986, section 9(1)
- ↑ The Public Order Act 1986, section 42
- ↑ The Public Order Act 1986 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1987, article 2 and Schedule (1987/198 (C. 4))
- ↑ The Public Order Act 1986, section 6(2)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ R v Childs & Price 2015: as yet unreported
- ↑ The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008, article 12(2) and Schedule 1, paragraph 5.
- ↑ See also Colosimo and Ors v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) [2005] NSWSC 854 (25 August 2005) AustLII
- ↑ Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 93D(2) AustLII
- ↑ Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) s 93C(1) AustLII
- ↑ Schedule 1 to the Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)
- ↑ "Criminal Code Act 1899", retrieved 22 July 2009 from the website of the Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel
- ↑ Section 7. Fighting in public place in Summary Offences Act 1981. legislation.govt.nz13 January 1981
- ↑ Bishop, American Criminal Law 8th ed., 1892, vol. i. sec. 535
_-_La_Rixe_(The_Brawl)_-_RCIN_404872_-_Royal_Collection.jpg){kind=link}