Английская Википедия:Africa Squadron
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The Africa Squadron was a unit of the United States Navy that operated from 1819 to 1861 in the Blockade of Africa to suppress the slave trade along the coast of West Africa. However, the term was often ascribed generally to anti-slavery operations during the period leading up to the American Civil War.
The squadron was an outgrowth of the 1819 treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom that was an early step in stopping the trade, and further defined by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. Although technically coordinated with a British West Africa Squadron based in Sierra Leone, in practice the American contingent worked on its own.
Matthew Perry was the first commander of the squadron, and based himself in Portuguese Cape Verde.
The squadron was generally ineffective, since the ships were too few, and since much of the trading activity had shifted to the Niger River delta area (present-day Nigeria), which was not being covered. In the two years of Perry's leadership, only one slaver was reported to have been captured, and that ship was later acquitted by a New Orleans court. In the 16 years of squadron operation, only the crews of 19 slave ships went to trial. These slavers were acquitted or only lightly fined. Other commanders, however, were more successful.
African slave trade patrol
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade The Africa Squadron's cruising area eventually ranged from Cape Frio to the south (about 18 degrees south latitude), to Madeira in the north. However, the squadron's supply depot was in Cape Verde archipelago, approximately Шаблон:Convert from the northernmost centers of the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra and southward. The navy department did not move the depot location until 1859, when it was set up at São Paulo de Luanda, in Portuguese Angola, about eight degrees south latitude. At the same time the department put Madeira out of bounds for the squadron.
The majority of the squadron's cruising in its first decade was along the coast of Western Africa, with particular attention to Liberian interests. By the 1850s much of the slave trade in this area had been eliminated by the British, based in their colony at Sierra Leone, as well as the Liberians.
This however, did not stop the board of directors of the American Colonization Society from writing the President of the United States to bolster the Africa Squadron's "fleet" in 1855 in accordance with the Wesbter-Ashburton treaty in an attempt to crack down on sailors and slavers use of sea-letters to claim American nationality in their attempt to further the slave trade on the African coast.[1]
Шаблон:AnchorVessels seized
Africa Squadron
| Vessel | Captor | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uncas | Шаблон:USS | 1 March 1844 | Gallinas |
| Spitfire | Шаблон:USS | 24 March 1845 | Pongas R. |
| Patuxent | Шаблон:USS | 27 September 1845 | Cape Mount |
| Pons | Шаблон:USS | 30 September 1845 | Kabenda |
| Merchant | Шаблон:USS | 3 December 1845 | Sierra Leone |
| Panther | Шаблон:USS | 15 December 1845 | Kabenda |
| Robert Wilson | Шаблон:USS | 15 January 1846 | Porto Praya |
| Malaga | Шаблон:USS | 13 April 1846 | Kabenda |
| Casket | Шаблон:USS | 2 August 1846 | Kabenda |
| Chancellor | Шаблон:USS | 10 April 1847 | Cape Palmas |
| Excellent | Шаблон:USS | 23 April 1850 | Ambriz |
| Martha | Шаблон:USS | 6 June 1850 | Ambriz |
| Chatsworth | Шаблон:USS | 11 September 1850 | Ambriz |
| Advance | Шаблон:USS | 3 November 1852 | Porto Praya |
| R.P. Brown | Шаблон:USS | 23 January 1853 | Porto Praya |
| H.N. Gambrill | Шаблон:USS | 3 November 1853 | Kongo |
| Glamorgan | Шаблон:USS | 10 March 1854 | Kongo |
| W.G. Lewis | Шаблон:USS | 6 November 1857 | Kongo |
| Brothers | Шаблон:USS | 8 September 1858 | Mayumba |
| Julia Dean | Шаблон:USS | 28 December 1858 | Cape Coast Castle |
| Orion | Шаблон:USS | 21 April 1859 | Kongo |
| Ardennes | Шаблон:USS | 27 April 1859 | Kongo |
| Emily | Шаблон:USS | 21 September 1859 | Loango |
| Delicia | Шаблон:USS | 21 September 1859 | Kabenda |
| Virginian | Шаблон:USS | 6 February 1860 | Kongo |
| Falmouth | Шаблон:USS | 6 May 1860 | Porto Praya |
| Thomas Achorn | Шаблон:USS | 29 June 1860 | Kabenda |
| Triton | Шаблон:USS | 16 July 1860 | Loango |
| Erie | Шаблон:USS | 8 August 1860 | Kongo |
| Storm King | Шаблон:USS | 8 August 1860 | Kongo |
| Cora | Шаблон:USS | 26 September 1860 | Kongo |
| Bonito | Шаблон:USS | 10 October 1860 | Kongo |
| Express | Шаблон:USS | 25 February 1861 | Possibly Loango |
| Шаблон:USS | Шаблон:USS | 21 April 1861 | Kabenda |
| Triton | Шаблон:USS | 20 May 1861 | Kongo |
| Falmouth | Шаблон:USS | 14 June 1861 | Kongo |
Source: Canney, D.L., Africa Squadron, Potomac Books, 2006, pp. 233–234
See also
- Pacific Squadron
- Home Squadron
- West Indies Squadron
- Mediterranean Squadron
- Brazil Squadron
- North Atlantic Squadron
- East India Squadron
References
Sources
- Richard Andrew Lobban Jr. and Peter Karibe Mendy, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997 Шаблон:ISBN) pp. 66–68
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Английская Википедия
- Slavery in Africa
- United States Navy in the 19th century
- Ship squadrons of the United States Navy
- 19th century in Africa
- Military units and formations established in the 1840s
- 1843 establishments in the United States
- Military units and formations disestablished in 1861
- Abolitionism in Africa
- Anti-slavery military operations
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