Английская Википедия:Afrikaans phonology
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Шаблон:Selfref Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice Afrikaans has a similar phonology to other West Germanic languages, especially Dutch.
Vowels
Afrikaans has an extensive vowel inventory consisting of 17 vowel phonemes, including 10 monophthongs and 7 diphthongs. There are also 7 marginal monophthongs.
Monophthongs
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||||
| short | long | short | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link | (Шаблон:IPA link) | Шаблон:IPA link(ː) | Шаблон:IPA link | (Шаблон:IPA link) | ||||
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | (Шаблон:IPA link) | Шаблон:IPA link | (Шаблон:IPA link) | Шаблон:IPA link | (Шаблон:IPA link) | |
| Near-open | (Шаблон:IPA link) | (Шаблон:IPA link) | |||||||
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | |||||||
The phonetic quality of the close vowels
- Шаблон:IPA tends to be merged with Шаблон:IPA into Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is weakly rounded and could be more narrowly transcribed as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Thus, it is sometimes transcribed Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
The phonetic quality of the mid vowels
- Шаблон:IPA vary between mid Шаблон:IPA or close-mid Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- According to some scholars,[1] the stressed allophone of Шаблон:IPA is actually closer than mid (Шаблон:IPAblink).Шаблон:Sfnp However, other scholars[2] do not distinguish between stressed and unstressed schwas. This article uses the symbol Шаблон:IPA regardless of the exact height of the vowel.
- The central Шаблон:IPA, not the front Шаблон:IPA, are the unrounded counterparts of Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Phonetically, Шаблон:IPA have been variously described as mid Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Sfnp and open-mid Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA are rather weakly rounded, and many speakers merge Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA into Шаблон:IPAblink, even in formal speech.Шаблон:Sfnp The merger has been noted in colloquial speech since the 1920s.Шаблон:Sfnp
The phonetic quality of the open vowels
- In some words such as vanaand Шаблон:IPA 'this evening; tonight', unstressed Шаблон:Angbr is actually a schwa Шаблон:IPA, not Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is open near-front Шаблон:IPAblink,Шаблон:Sfnp but older sources describe it as near-open central Шаблон:IPAblink[3]Шаблон:Sfnp and open central Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is either open near-back Шаблон:IPAblink or open back Шаблон:IPAblink. Especially in stressed positions, the back realization may be rounded Шаблон:IPAblink, and sometimes it may be even as high as the Шаблон:IPA phoneme. The rounded realization is associated with younger white speakers, especially female speakers of northern accents.Шаблон:Sfnp
Other notes
- As phonemes, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occur only in the words spieël Шаблон:IPA 'mirror' and koeël Шаблон:IPA 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively. In other cases, Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink occur as allophones of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively before Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Close vowels are phonetically long before Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA contrasts with Шаблон:IPA only in the minimal pair pers Шаблон:IPA 'press' – pêrs Шаблон:IPA 'purple'.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Before the sequences Шаблон:IPA, the Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA contrasts are neutralized in favour of the long variants Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA occurs only in the word wîe 'wedges', which is realized as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA (with a weak Шаблон:IPA).Шаблон:Sfnp
- The orthographic sequence Шаблон:Angbr is realised as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA (with a weak Шаблон:IPA).Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA occur only in a few words.Шаблон:Sfnp
- As a phoneme, Шаблон:IPA occurs only in some loanwords from English, such as pêl Шаблон:IPA 'pal', or as a dialectal allophone of Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA, most commonly in the former Transvaal and Free State provinces.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA has been variously transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA,[4] Шаблон:Angbr IPA[5] and Шаблон:Angbr IPA.[6] This article uses Шаблон:Angbr IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA has been variously transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA[7] and Шаблон:Angbr IPA.[8] This article uses the former symbol.
- In some words, such as hamer, short Шаблон:IPA is in free variation with long Шаблон:IPA despite the fact that the spelling suggests the latter. In some words, such as laat (vb. 'let'), the pronunciation with short Шаблон:IPA occurs only in colloquial language, to distinguish from homophones (laat, adj. 'late'). In some other words, such as aan 'on', the pronunciation with short Шаблон:IPA is already a part of the standard language.Шаблон:Sfnp The shortening of Шаблон:IPA has been noted as early as 1927.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The orthographic sequence Шаблон:Angbr can be pronounced as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA (with a weak Шаблон:IPA).Шаблон:Sfnp
| Short | Long | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoneme | IPA | Orthography | Gloss | Phoneme | IPA | Orthography | Gloss |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | dief | 'thief' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | spieël | 'mirror' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | suutjies | 'quietly' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | boek | 'book' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | koeël | 'bullet' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | bed | 'bed' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | sê | 'say' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | kind | 'child' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | wîe | 'wedges' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | kus | 'kiss' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | rûe | 'backs' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | bok | 'goat' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | sôe | 'sows' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | pêl | 'pal' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | ver | 'far' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | kat | 'cat' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | kaart | 'map' |
Nasalized vowels
In some instances of the postvocalic sequence Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA is realized as nasalisation (and lengthening, if the vowel is short) of the preceding monophthong, which is stronger in some speakers than others, but there also are speakers retaining Шаблон:IPA as well as the original length of the preceding vowel.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The sequence Шаблон:IPA in words such as dans (meaning "dance") is realised as Шаблон:IPA. In monosyllabic words, that is the norm.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The sequence Шаблон:IPA in more common words (such as Afrikaans) is realized as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. In less common words (such as Italiaans, meaning Italian), Шаблон:IPA is the usual pronunciation.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The sequence Шаблон:IPA in words such as mens (meaning "human") is realized as Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The sequence Шаблон:IPA in words such as guns (meaning "favour") is realised more often as Шаблон:IPA than as Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp For speakers with the Шаблон:IPA merger, these transcriptions are to be read as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively.
- The sequence Шаблон:IPA in words such as spons (meaning "sponge") is realised as Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:Harvcoltxt analyze the pre-Шаблон:IPA sequences Шаблон:IPA as phonemic short vowels Шаблон:IPA and note that this process of nasalising the vowel and deleting the nasal occurs in many dialects of Dutch as well, such as The Hague dialect.Шаблон:Sfnp
Diphthongs
| Starting point | Ending point | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | ||
| Closed | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:IPA | ||
| Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:IPA | |||
| Mid | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
| Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
| Open | Шаблон:Small | Шаблон:IPA | ||
Шаблон:IPA
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, the first elements of Шаблон:IPA are close-mid,Шаблон:Sfnp more narrowly transcribed Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, the onsets of Шаблон:IPA are near-close Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp For simplicity, both variants will be written simply as Шаблон:IPA. Шаблон:IPA are commonly used for centralized close-mid vowels anyway - see near-close near-front unrounded vowel and near-close near-back rounded vowel.
- Some sources prescribe monophthongal Шаблон:IPA realizations of these; that is at least partially outdated:Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- There is not a complete agreement about the realisation of Шаблон:IPA:
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, it is realised as either rising Шаблон:IPA or falling Шаблон:IPA, with the former being more common. The unrounded onset is a rather recent development and is not described by older sources. The monophthongal realisation Шаблон:IPAblink is virtually nonexistent.Шаблон:Sfnp
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, it is realised as Шаблон:IPA. Its onset is sometimes unrounded, which can cause it to merge with Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- There is not a complete agreement about the realisation of Шаблон:IPA
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, they may be realised in four ways:
- Falling diphthongs. Their first element may be short Шаблон:IPA or somewhat lengthened Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Rising diphthongs Шаблон:IPA. These variants do not seem to appear word-finally. The sequence Шаблон:IPA is commonly realised as Шаблон:IPA or, more often, Шаблон:IPA, with Шаблон:IPA realised as breathy voice on the diphthong.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Phonetically disyllabic sequences of two short monophthongs Шаблон:IPA, which may occur in all environments.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Monophthongs, either short Шаблон:IPA or somewhat lengthened Шаблон:IPA. The monophthongal realisations occur in less stressed words as well as in stressed syllables in words that have more than one syllable. In the latter case, they are in free variation with all of the three diphthongal realisations. In case of Шаблон:IPA, the monophthongal Шаблон:IPAblink also appears in unstressed word-final syllables.Шаблон:Sfnp
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, they are realized as either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, they may be realised in four ways:
- There is not a complete agreement about the realisation of Шаблон:IPA:
- Шаблон:IPA also occurs in words spelled with Шаблон:Angbr, like reël Шаблон:IPA 'rule'. Historically, these were pronounced with a disyllabic sequence Шаблон:IPA and so reël used to be pronounced Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- There is not a complete agreement about the dialectal realisation of Шаблон:IPA in the Boland area:
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, they are centralized close-mid monophthongs Шаблон:IPA, which do not merge with Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt and De Villiers,[9] they are close monophthongs, long Шаблон:IPA according to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, short Шаблон:IPA according to De Villiers.Шаблон:Sfnp[9]
Other diphthongs
- The scholar Daan Wissing argues that Шаблон:IPA is not a phonetically correct transcription and that Шаблон:IPA is more accurate. In his analysis, he found that Шаблон:IPA makes for 65% of the realisations, the other 35% being monophthongal, Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Most often, Шаблон:IPA has an unrounded offset. For some speakers, the onset is also unrounded. That can cause Шаблон:IPA to merge with Шаблон:IPA, which is considered non-standard.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA occur mainly in loanwords.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Older sources describe Шаблон:IPA as a narrow back diphthong Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp However, newer sources describe its onset as more front. For example, Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, states that the onset of Шаблон:IPA is central Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- In some words which, in English, are pronounced with Шаблон:IPA, the Afrikaans equivalent tends to be pronounced with Шаблон:IPA, rather than Шаблон:IPA. That happens because Afrikaans Шаблон:IPA is more similar to the usual South African realization of English Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
| Phoneme | IPA | Orthography | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | seun | 'son' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | hy | 'he' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | weet | 'to know' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | huis | 'house' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Not a typo | 'burlap' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | brood | 'bread' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | koud | 'cold' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | baie | 'many' |
Long diphthongs
The long diphthongs, also known as 'double vowels', are phonemically sequences of a free vowel and a non-syllabic equivalent of Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:IPA. Although both /iu/ and /eu/ are typically pronounced as [iu], they are spelled differently; the former as ⟨ieu⟩, and the latter as ⟨eeu⟩.Шаблон:Sfnp
'False' diphthongs
In diminutives ending in Шаблон:IPA formed to monosyllabic nouns, the vowels Шаблон:IPA are realised as closing diphthongs Шаблон:IPA. In the same environment, the sequences Шаблон:IPA are realized as Шаблон:IPA, i.e. as closing diphthongs followed by palatal nasal.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The suffixes Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr (phonemically Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively) and the diminutive suffix Шаблон:IPA are realised as Шаблон:IPA (with a monophthong), rather than Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- In practice, the diphthong Шаблон:IPA is realised the same as the phonemic diphthong Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA, when it has arisen from diphthongisation of Шаблон:IPA, differs from the phonemic diphthong Шаблон:IPA by having a slightly different onset, although the exact nature of that difference is unclear. This means that puntjie 'point' sounds somewhat different than puintjie 'rubble'.Шаблон:Sfnp
Consonants
Obstruents
- All obstruents at the ends of words are devoiced so that, for instance, a final Шаблон:IPA is realised as Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA are bilabial, whereas Шаблон:IPA are labiodental.
- According to some authors,[10] Шаблон:IPA is actually an approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.
- Шаблон:IPA are unaspirated.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA may be somewhat more front before front vowels; the fronted allophone of Шаблон:IPA also occurs in diminutives ending in -djie and -tjie.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA occur only in loanwords.
- Шаблон:IPA is most often uvular, either a fricative, Шаблон:IPAblink or a voiceless trill Шаблон:IPAblink, the latter especially in initial position before a stressed vowel.Шаблон:Sfnp[11][12] The uvular fricative is also used by many speakers of white South African English as a realisation of the marginal English phoneme Шаблон:IPA.[12] In Afrikaans, velar Шаблон:IPAblink may be used in a few "hyper-posh" varieties Шаблон:Which? , and it may also, rarely, occur as an allophone before front vowels in speakers with otherwise uvular Шаблон:IPAblink.
- Шаблон:IPA occurs mostly in loanwords, but also occurs as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA at the end of an inflected root where G is preceded by a short vowel and Шаблон:IPA and succeeded by a schwa such as in berg(e) ('mountain', /bæːrχ, ˈbæ(ː)rɡə/).Шаблон:Sfnp
- /w/ occurs frequently as an allophone of /v/ after other obstruents, such as in kwaad ('angry').
Sonorants
- Шаблон:IPA is bilabial.
- Шаблон:IPA merges with Шаблон:IPA before labial consonants. Phonetically, this merged consonant is realized as bilabial Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA, and labiodental Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA.
- Шаблон:IPA merges with Шаблон:IPA before dorsals (Шаблон:IPA).
- Шаблон:IPA is velarised Шаблон:IPAblink in all positions, especially noticeably non-prevocalically.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA is usually an alveolar trill Шаблон:IPAblink or tap Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp In some parts of the former Cape Province, it is realised uvularly, either as a trill Шаблон:IPAblink or a fricative Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp The uvular trill may also be pronounced as a tap Шаблон:IPAblink.
| Voiceless | Voiced | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phoneme | Example | Phoneme | Example | ||||
| IPA | IPA | Orthography | Gloss | IPA | IPA | Orthography | Gloss |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | man | 'man' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | nooi | 'invite' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | sing | 'to sing' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | pot | 'pot' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | bed | 'bed' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | tafel | 'table' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | dak | 'roof' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | kat | 'cat' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | sorge | 'cares' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Tsjeggies | 'Czech' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | budjie | 'budgerigar' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | fiets | 'bicycle' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | water | 'water' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | seun | 'son' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Zoeloe | 'Zulu' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | goed | 'good' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Sjina | 'China' | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | visueel | 'visually' |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | huis | 'house' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | lief | 'dear' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Jesus | 'Jesus' | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | rooi | 'red' | ||||
See also
- Dutch phonology
- Afrikaans - Dutch Phonology Comparison Chart (Open Learning Environment)
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- ↑ Such as Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ Such as Шаблон:Harvcoltxt or Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ See the vowel chart in Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ For example by Шаблон:Harvcoltxt and Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ For example by Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ For example by Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ For example by Шаблон:Harvcoltxt and Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ For example by Шаблон:Harvcoltxt and Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Cited in Шаблон:Harvcoltxt. The preview on Google Books makes it unclear whether De Villiers' book is "Afrikaanse klankleer. Fonetiek, fonologie en woordbou" or "Nederlands en Afrikaans", as both are cited at the end of Lass's chapter.
- ↑ For example Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Only this source mentions the trilled realization.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme Шаблон:IPA (see Шаблон:Harvcoltxt), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative Шаблон:IPA rather than the velar."
