Английская Википедия:Agni Purana

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Файл:Agni Purana, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg
A page from an Agni Purana manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari)

Шаблон:Hindu scriptures The Agni Purana, (Шаблон:Lang-sa, Шаблон:IAST) is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas of Hinduism.Шаблон:Sfn The text is variously classified as a Purana related to Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism, but also considered as a text that covers them all impartially without leaning towards a particular theology.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The text exists in numerous versions, some very different from others.Шаблон:Sfn The published manuscripts are divided into 382 or 383 chapters, containing between 12,000 and 15,000 verses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The chapters of the text were likely composed in different centuries, with earliest version probably after the 7th-century,[1][2] but before the 11th century because the early 11th-century Persian scholar Al-Biruni acknowledged its existence in his memoir on India.Шаблон:Sfn The youngest layer of the text in the Agni Purana may be from the 17th century.Шаблон:Sfn

The Agni Purana is a medieval era encyclopedia that covers a diverse range of topics, and its "382 or 383 chapters actually deal with anything and everything", remark scholars such as Moriz Winternitz and Ludo Rocher.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its encyclopedic secular style led some 19th-century Indologists such as Horace Hayman Wilson to question if it even qualifies as what is assumed to be a Purana.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The range of topics covered by this text include cosmology, mythology, genealogy, politics, education system, iconography, taxation theories, organization of army, theories on proper causes for war, martial arts,[1] diplomacy, local laws, building public projects, water distribution methods, trees and plants, medicine,[3] design and architecture,Шаблон:Sfn[4] gemology, grammar, metrics, poetry, food and agriculture,[5] rituals, geography and travel guide to Mithila (Bihar and neighboring states), cultural history, and numerous other topics.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Шаблон:Quote box Tradition has it that its title is named after Agni because it was originally recited by Agni to the sage Vasishta when the latter wanted to learn about the Brahman, and Vasishta later recited it to Vyasa – the sage who compiled all the Vedas, Puranas and many other historic texts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Vyasa recited it to Suta, who then recited to the rishis in Naimisharanya.[6] The Skanda Purana and Matsya Purana assert that the Agni Purana describes Isana-kalpa as described by god Agni, but the surviving manuscripts make no mention of Isana-kalpa.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, medieval Hindu texts cite verses that they claim are from Agni Purana, but these verses do not exist in current editions of the text.Шаблон:Sfn These inconsistencies, considered together, have led scholars such as Rajendra Hazra to conclude that the extant manuscripts are different from the text Skanda and Matsya Puranas are referring to.Шаблон:Sfn

The earliest core of the text is likely a post 7th-century composition, and a version existed by the 11th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The chapters that discuss grammar and lexicography may be an addition in the 12th century, while the chapters on metrics likely predate 950 CE because Pingala-sutras text by the 10th-century scholar Halayudha cites this text.Шаблон:Sfn The section on poetics is likely a post-900 CE composition,Шаблон:Sfn while its summary on Tantra is likely to be a composition between 800 and 1100 CE.Шаблон:Sfn

The Agni Purana exists in many versions and it exemplifies the complex chronology of the Puranic genre of Indian literature that has survived into modern times. The number of chapters, number of verses and the specific content vary across Agni Purana manuscripts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Blockquote

Structure

The published manuscripts are divided into 382 or 383 chapters, and ranging between 12,000 and 15,000 verses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Many subjects it covers are in specific chapters, but states Rocher, these "succeed one another without the slightest connection or transition".Шаблон:Sfn In other cases, such as its discussion of iconography, the verses are found in many sections of the Agni Purana.Шаблон:Sfn

Editions and translations

The first printed edition of the text was edited by Rajendralal Mitra in the 1870s (Calcutta : Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1870–1879, 3 volumes; Bibliotheca Indica, 65, 1–3). The entire text extends to slightly below one million characters.Шаблон:Cn

An English translation was published in two volumes by Manmatha Nath Dutt in 1903–04. There are several versions published by different companies.Шаблон:Cn

Contents

The extant manuscripts are encyclopedic. The first chapter of the text declares its scope to be such.Шаблон:Sfn Some subjects covered by the text include:[7]

Encyclopedic subjects in Agni Purana
Subject Chapters Illustrative content Reference
Book summary 21-70 Pancaratra texts, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Pingala-Sutras, Amarakosha, etc. Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Regional geography 114-116 Mithila (now Bihar), rivers, forests, towns, culture Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Medicine 279-286, 370 Ayurveda, herbs, nutrition Шаблон:Sfn[8]
Buddhist incantations 123-149 Summary of the Buddhist text Yuddhajayarnava, mantras of Trailokyavijaya Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[9]
Politics 218-231 Structure of a state, education and duties of a king and key ministers,
organization of army, theory of just war, ambassadors to other kingdoms,
system of administration, civil and criminal law, taxation,
local administration and court system 		Шаблон:Sfn[10][11]
Agriculture, planning 239, 247, 282, 292 Fortification, trees and parks, water reservoirs Шаблон:Sfn[12][13]
Martial arts, weapons 249-252 32 types of martial arts, making and maintaining weapons [14]
Cow 310 Holiness of cow, breeding and taking care of cows [15]
Hindu temple, monastery 25, 39-45, 55-67, 99-101 Design, layout, construction, architecture [16]
Metrics, poetics, art of writing 328-347 Summary of different schools on poetics, music, art of poetry,
Alamkara, Chandas, Rasa, Riti, language, rhetoric 		Шаблон:Sfn[17][18]
Yoga, moksha 372-381 Eight limbs of yoga, ethics, meditation, samadhi,
soul, non-dualism (Advaita), summary of Bhagavad Gita 		Шаблон:Sfn[19][20][21]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Puranas Шаблон:Hindudharma

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Thomas Green (2001). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Шаблон:ISBN, page 282
  2. ↑ Phillip B. Zarrilli. Paradigms of Practice and Power in a South Indian Martial Art. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Shastri, P. (1995) Introduction to the Puranas, New Delhi: Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, pp.98–115
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ MN Dutt, Agni Purana Vol 2 Шаблон:Webarchive, pages 853-858
  14. ↑ MN Dutt (1967), Agni Purana, Vol 1, Шаблон:Oclc, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 102-109
  15. ↑ MN Dutt, Agni Purana Vol 2 Шаблон:Webarchive, pages 1075-1081 (Note: Dutt's manuscript has 365 chapters, and is numbered differently)
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ MN Dutt (1967), Agni Purana, Шаблон:Oclc, Шаблон:ISBN, pages 433-457
  20. ↑ MN Dutt, Agni Purana Vol 2 Шаблон:Webarchive, pages 1313-1338 (Note: Dutt's manuscript has 365 chapters, and is numbered differently)
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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