Английская Википедия:Ahl al-Bayt

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Muhammad

Ahl al-Bayt (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Lit) refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but the term has also been extended in Sunni Islam to all descendants of the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan) and even to all Muslims.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Shia Islam, the term is limited to Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib, and their two sons, Ḥasan and Husayn. A common Sunni view adds the wives of Muhammad to these five.Шаблон:Sfn

While all Muslims revere the Ahl al-Bayt,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn it is the Shia Muslims who hold the Ahl al-Bayt in the highest esteem, regarding them as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community after Muhammad. The Twelver Shias also believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the members of the Ahl al-Bayt, particularly Husayn.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Definition

When Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang-ar) appears in construction with a person, it refers to his blood relatives. However, the word also acquires wider meanings with other nouns.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang-ar) is translated as 'habitation' and 'dwelling',Шаблон:Sfn and thus the basic translation of Шаблон:Transliteration is '(the) inhabitants of the house'.Шаблон:Sfn That is, Шаблон:Transl literally translates to '(the) people of the house'. In the absence of the definite article Шаблон:Transl, the literal translation of Шаблон:Transl is 'household'.Шаблон:Sfn

Other prophets

The phrase Шаблон:Transliteration appears three times in the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, in relation to Abraham (11:73), Moses (28:12), and Muhammad (33:33).Шаблон:Sfn For Abraham and Moses, Шаблон:Transliteration in the Quran is unanimously interpreted as family.Шаблон:Sfn Yet merit is also a criterion of membership in a prophet's family in the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn That is, pagan or disloyal members of the families of the past prophets are not excluded from God's punishment.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In particular, Noah's family is saved from the deluge, except his wife and one of his sons, about whom Noah's plea was rejected according to verse 11:46, "O Noah, he [your son] is not of your family (Шаблон:Transliteration)."Шаблон:Sfn Families of the past prophets are often given a prominent role in the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn Therein, their kin are selected by God as the spiritual and material heirs to the prophets.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Anchor Muhammad

Шаблон:Multiple image The household of Muhammad, often referred to as the Ahl al-Bayt, appear in verse 33:33 of the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn also known as the verse of purification.Шаблон:Sfn The last passage of the verse of purification reads, "God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Шаблон:Transliteration, and to purify you completely."Шаблон:Sfn Muslims disagree as to who belongs to Muhammad's Шаблон:Transliteration and what privileges or responsibilities they have.Шаблон:Sfn

Inclusion of the Ahl al-Kisa

Шаблон:See also

Файл:کتیبه پنج تن.jpg
Names of the Ahl al-Kisa, inscribed in the shrine of Abbas ibn Ali, located in Karbala, Iraq

The majority of the traditions quoted by the Sunni exegete al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in) identify the Ahl al-Bayt with the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Such reports are also cited in Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn all canonical Sunni collections of hadith, and by some other Sunni authorities, including al-Suyuti (Шаблон:Died in), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,Шаблон:Sfn al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and Ibn Kathir (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

In possibly the earliest version of the [[Ahl al-Kisa|hadith of the Шаблон:Transl]],Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad's wife Umm Salama relates that he gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and prayed, "O God, these are my Шаблон:Transl and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some accounts continue that Umm Salama then asked Muhammad, "Am I with thee, O Messenger of God?" but received the negative response, "Thou shalt obtain good. Thou shalt obtain good." Among others, such reports are given in Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn and by Ibn Kathir, al-Suyuti, and the Shia exegete Muhammad H. Tabatabai (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Yet another Sunni version of this hadith appends Umm Salama to the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn In another Sunni version, Muhammad's servant Wathila bint al-Asqa' is also counted in the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn

Elsewhere in Шаблон:Transl, Muhammad is said to have recited the last passage in the verse of purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind her household of the morning prayer.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In his Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) with a delegation of Najrani Christians, Muhammad is also believed to have gathered the above four under his cloak and referred to them as his Шаблон:Transl, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by the Islamicist Laura Veccia Vaglieri (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and also reported unanimously in Shia sources.Шаблон:Sfn In Shia theology works, the Ahl al-Bayt often also includes the remaining Shia imams.Шаблон:Sfn The term is sometimes loosely applied in Shia writings to all descendants of Ali and Fatima.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Inclusion of Muhammad's wives

Файл:Alahzab 01.jpg
Verse of purification in a folio of the Quran, dating to the late Safavid period

Perhaps because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,Шаблон:Sfn some Sunni authors, such as al-Wahidi (Шаблон:Died in), have exclusively interpreted the Ahl al-Bayt as Muhammad's wives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Others have noted that the last passage of this verse is grammatically inconsistent with the previous injunctions (masculine plural versus feminine plural pronouns).Шаблон:Sfn Thus the Ahl al-Bayt is not or is not limited to Muhammad's wives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ibn Kathir, for instance, includes Ali, Fatima, and their two sons in the Ahl al-Bayt, in addition to Muhammad's wives.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, certain Sunni hadiths support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt, including some reports on the authority of Ibn Abbas and Ikrima, two early Muslim figures.Шаблон:Sfn

Alternatively, the Islamicist Oliver Leaman proposes that marriage to a prophet does not guarantee inclusion in his Шаблон:Transliteration. He argues that, in verse 11:73,Шаблон:Sfn Sara is included in Abraham's Шаблон:Transliteration only after receiving the news of her imminent motherhood to two prophets, Isaac and Jacob. Likewise, Leaman suggests that Moses' mother is counted as a member of Шаблон:Transliteration in verse 28:12, not for being married to Imran, but for being the mother of Moses.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, in their bid for inclusion in the Ahl al-Bayt, the Abbasids argued that women, noble and holy as they may be, could not be considered a source of pedigree (Шаблон:Transliteration). As the descendants of Muhammad's paternal uncle Abbas, they claimed that he was equal to Muhammad's father after the latter died.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Broader interpretations

As hinted above, some Sunni authors have broadened its application to include in the Ahl al-Bayt the clan of Muhammad (Banu Hashim),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the Banu Muttalib,Шаблон:Sfn the Abbasids,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and even the Umayyads, who had descended from Hashim's nephew Umayya.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Indeed, another Sunni version of the Hadith al-Kisa is evidently intended to append the Abbasids to the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn This Abbasid claim was in turn the cornerstone of their bid for legitimacy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Similarly, a Sunni version of the [[Hadith of the thaqalayn|hadith of the Шаблон:Transl]] defines the Ahl al-Bayt as the descendants of Ali and his brothers (Aqil and Jafar), and Muhammad's uncle Abbas.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The first two Rashidun caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar, have also been included in the Ahl al-Bayt in some Sunni reports, as they were both fathers-in-law of Muhammad. Nevertheless, these and the accounts about the inclusion of the Umayyads in the Ahl al-Bayt might have been later reactions to the Abbasid claims to inclusion in the Ahl al-Bayt and their own bid for legitimacy.Шаблон:Sfn The term has also been interpreted as the Meccan tribe of Quraysh,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn or the whole Muslim community.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn For instance, the Islamicist Шаблон:Ill (Шаблон:Died in) identifies Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) in the verse of purification with the Kaaba, located in the holiest site in Islam. However, his theory has only found few supporters, notably Moshe Sharon, another expert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Conclusion

A typical Sunni compromise is to define the Ahl al-Bayt as the Ahl al-Kisa (Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, Husayn) together with Muhammad's wives,Шаблон:Sfn which might also reflect the majority opinion of medieval Sunni exegetes.Шаблон:Sfn Among modern Islamicists, this view is shared by Ignác Goldziher (Шаблон:Died in) and his coauthors,Шаблон:Sfn and mentioned by Sharon,Шаблон:Sfn while Wilferd Madelung (Шаблон:Died in) also includes the Banu Hashim in the Ahl al-Bayt in view of their blood relation to Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Shia limits the Ahl al-Bayt to Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn, pointing to authentic traditions in Sunni and Shia sources.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their view is supported by Veccia Vaglieri and Husain M. Jafri (Шаблон:Died in), another expert.Шаблон:Sfn

Place in Islam

In the Quran

Families and descendants of the past prophets hold a prominent position in the Quran. Therein, their descendants become spiritual and material heirs to keep their fathers' covenants intact.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muhammad's kin are also mentioned in the Quran in various contexts.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse of the Шаблон:Transl

Шаблон:Main article

Known as the verse of the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit), verse 42:23 of the Quran contains the passage, "[O Mohammad!] Say, 'I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk.'"Шаблон:Sfn The Shia-leaning historian Ibn Ishaq (Шаблон:Died in) narrates that Muhammad specified Шаблон:Transl in this verse as Ali, Fatima, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn This is also the view of some Sunni scholars, including al-Razi (Шаблон:Died in), Baydawi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn and Ibn al-Maghazili.Шаблон:Sfn Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives,Шаблон:Sfn chief among them is that this verse enjoins love for kinsfolk in general.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Twelver Shia, the love in the verse of the Шаблон:Transl also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric religious guidance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Verse of the Шаблон:Transl

Шаблон:Main article

A Christian envoy from Najran, located in South Arabia, arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During their stay, the two parties may have also debated the nature of Jesus, human or divine, although the delegation ultimately rejected the Islamic belief,Шаблон:Sfn which acknowledges the miraculous birth of Jesus but dismisses the Christians' belief in his divinity.Шаблон:Sfn Linked to this ordeal is verse 3:61 of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn This verse instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:Sfn perhaps when the debate had reached a deadlock.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:BlockquoteThe delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated for peace.Шаблон:Sfn The majority of reports indicate that Muhammad appeared for the occasion of the Шаблон:Transl, accompanied by Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn Such reports are given by Ibn Ishaq,Шаблон:Sfn al-Razi,Шаблон:Sfn Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (Шаблон:Died in), Hakim al-Nishapuri,Шаблон:Sfn and Ibn Kathir.Шаблон:Sfn The inclusion of these four relatives by Muhammad, as his witnesses and guarantors in the Шаблон:Transl ritual,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn must have raised their religious rank within the community.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn If the word 'ourselves' in this verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the latter.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Khums

The Quran also reserves for Muhammad's kin a fifth ([[Khums|Шаблон:Transl]]) of booty and a part of Шаблон:Transl. The latter comprises lands and properties conquered peacefully by Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn This Quranic directive is seen as compensation for the exclusion of Muhammad and his family from alms ([[sadaqah|Шаблон:Transl]], [[zakat|Шаблон:Transl]]). Indeed, almsgiving is considered an act of purification for ordinary Muslims and their donations should not reach Muhammad's kin as that would violate their state of purity in the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn

In hadith literature

Hadith of the Шаблон:Transl

Шаблон:Main article The hadith of the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lit) is a widely-reported prophetic hadith that introduces the Quran and the progeny of Muhammad as the only two sources of divine guidance after his death.Шаблон:Sfn This hadith is of particular significance in Twelver Shia, where the Twelve Imams, all descendants of Muhammad, are viewed as his spiritual and political successors.Шаблон:Sfn The version that appears in Шаблон:Transl, a canonical Sunni hadith collection, reads,

Шаблон:Blockquote

Hadith of the ark

Шаблон:Main articles The hadith of the ark is attributed to Muhammad and likens his household to Noah's ark. Reported by both Shia and Sunni authorities, the version presented in Шаблон:Transl, a Sunni collection of prophetic traditions, reads,Шаблон:Sfn "Truly the people of my house (Ahl al-Bayt) in my community is like Noah's ark: Whoever takes refuge therein is saved and whoever opposes it is drowned."Шаблон:Sfn

In Muslim communities

The sanctity of a prophet's family was likely an accepted principle at the time of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Today, all Muslims venerate the household of Muhammad,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and blessings on his family (Шаблон:Transl) are invoked in every prayer.Шаблон:Sfn In many Muslim communities, high social status is granted to people claiming descent from Ali and Fatima. They are called [[sayyid|Шаблон:Transl]]s or [[sharif|Шаблон:Transl]]s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Several Muslim heads of state and politicians have also claimed blood descent from Muhammad, including the Alawid dynasty of Morocco, the Hashimite dynasty of Iraq and of Jordan, and the leader of the Iranian revolution, Khomeini.Шаблон:Sfn

Sunnis too revere the Ahl al-Bayt,Шаблон:Sfn perhaps more so before modern times.Шаблон:Sfn Most Sufi Шаблон:Transls (brotherhoods) also trace their spiritual chain to Muhammad through Ali and revere the Ahl al-Kisa as the Holy Five.Шаблон:Sfn It is, however, the (Twelver and Isma'ili) Shias who hold the Ahl al-Bayt in the highest esteem, regarding them as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community after Muhammad. They also believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the Ahl al-Bayt (particularly by Husayn) for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Twelver Shias await the messianic advent of Muhammad al-Mahdi, a descendant of Muhammad, who is expected to usher in an era of peace and justice by overcoming tyranny and oppression on earth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some Shia sources also ascribe cosmological importance to the Ahl al-Bayt, where they are viewed as the reason for the creation.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Шаблон:Columns-list

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Islam topics Шаблон:Characters and names in the Quran Шаблон:Authority control

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