Английская Википедия:Aikanã language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Aikanã (sometimes called Tubarão,[1] Corumbiara/Kolumbiara, or Huari/Uari/Wari) is an endangered language isolate[2] spoken by about 200 Aikanã people in Rondônia,[3] Brazil. It is morphologically complex and has SOV word order.[4] Aikanã uses the Latin script. The people live with speakers of Koaia (Kwaza).
Demographics
Aikanã is traditionally spoken in the Terra Indígena Tubarão-Latundê, where it is still the dominant language. It is also spoken in the Terra Indígena Kwazá do Rio São Pedro, where Kwazá is traditionally spoken. A few Aikanã families in also reside in the Terra Indígena Rio Guaporé, but they do not speak the language there. There are nearly 100 ethnic Aikanã (locally known as Kassupá) people, in the Comunidade Indígena Cassupá e Salamãi, although the final Aikanã speaker there died in 2018.[5]
Classification
Van der Voort (2005) observes similarities among Aikanã, Kanoê, and Kwaza, and believes that it is strong enough to definitively link the three languages together as part of a single language family.[6] An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[7] also found lexical similarities between Aikanã and Kwaza. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Kanoe, Kwaza, and Nambikwara due to contact.[8]
Varieties
Varieties listed by Loukotka (1968):[9]
- Huari (Corumbiara) - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Guarajú River, Rondônia
- Masaca (Aicana) - spoken on the left bank of the Corumbiara River
- Aboba - extinct language once spoken on the Guarajú River
- Maba - extinct language once spoken on the Guajejú River (unattested)
- Puxacaze - once spoken on the Guajejú River, Brazil (unattested)
- Guajejú - once spoken at the sources of the Jamarí River and Candeia River (unattested)
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink ~ Шаблон:IPAlink |
(Шаблон:IPA link) | Шаблон:IPAlink |
Mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | |||
Open | Шаблон:IPAlink |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPA link ~ Шаблон:IPAlink |
(Шаблон:IPA link) | Шаблон:IPAlink |
Mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | |||
Open | Шаблон:IPAlink |
- /y, ỹ/ can also be heard as close-mid [ø, ø̃].
- /a, ã/ are heard as [ɨ, ɨ̃] before /i, ĩ/.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | (Шаблон:IPAlink) |
voiced | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPA link | |||
Fricative | (Шаблон:IPAlink) | ||||||
Nasal | [[[:Шаблон:IPAlink]]] | [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]]] | [[[:Шаблон:IPAlink]]] | [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]]] | |||
Sonorant | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | (Шаблон:IPAlink) | Шаблон:IPAlink |
- Within the position of nasal vowels, sounds /b, d, d͡ð/ become [m, n, ⁿ̪ð] and /w, ɾ, h/ become [w̃, ɾ̃, h̃].
- /t̪͡s, d͡ð/ are only heard as affricates [t̪͡s, d͡ð] in word-initial position. Elsewhere, they are heard as a fricatives [s] and [ð].
- /w/ can be heard as a fricative [β] when before /i/.
- /ɾ/ can also be heard as [l] between vowels.
- /d͡ʒ/ is heard as [d͡ʒ] before a front-vowel, [j] before a non-front vowel, and as [ɲ] or [j̃] before a nasal vowel.[10]
Grammar
In Aikanã, the verb phrase or predicate morphological template is:[11]Шаблон:Rp
verb | subject | classifier directional |
aspect modality |
valency | object | tense | object | subject | negation | mood |
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Huari and Masaca, as well as Capixana.[9]
gloss Huari Masaca Capixana one amemeeː amäme pátairä two arukai atuka kãerá three ümaitü piakaúkä head chimé tinupá i-kutá ear ka-niyú ka-nĩgó i-tẽyõ tooth múi mõiː i-pé hand iné iné i-so woman chikichíki dätiá míaʔä water hané hánä kuni fire íne íné iní stone huahuá urorä akí maize atití ákí atití tapir arimé alümä itsá
Aikanã plant and animal names from Silva (2012)[12] are listed in the corresponding Portuguese article.
Further reading
- Vasconcelos, I. P. (2004). Aspectos da fonologia e morfologia da língua Aikanã. Maceió: Universidade Federal de Alagoas. (Masters dissertation).
References
Шаблон:Sister project Шаблон:Reflist
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: AIKANA[1]
Шаблон:Languages of Brazil Шаблон:Language families Шаблон:South American languages
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>
; для сносокe25
не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Van der Voort, Hein. 2005. Kwaza in a comparative perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 71: 365–412.
- ↑ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Silva, Maria de Fátima dos Santos da. 2012. Dicionário de raízes da língua aikanã. M.A. dissertation, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Guajará-Mirim campus. (PDF)
- Английская Википедия
- Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
- Languages of Brazil
- Language isolates of South America
- Endangered language isolates
- Subject–object–verb languages
- Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
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- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
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