Английская Википедия:Aikido
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox martial art Aikido (Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:IPA-ja) is a modern Japanese martial art that is split into many different styles, including Iwama Ryu, Iwama Shin Shin Aiki Shuren Kai, Shodokan Aikido, Yoshinkan, Renshinkai, Aikikai and Ki Aikido. Aikido is now practiced in around 140 countries. It was originally developed by Morihei Ueshiba, as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy and religious beliefs. Ueshiba's goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting their attackers from injury.[1][2] Aikido is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) life energy"[3] or as "the way of harmonious spirit".[4] According to the founder's philosophy, the primary goal in the practice of aikido is to overcome oneself instead of cultivating violence or aggressiveness.[5] Morihei Ueshiba used the phrase Шаблон:Nihongo3 to refer to this principle.[6]
Aikido's fundamental principles include: Шаблон:Transl[7] (entering), Шаблон:Transl,[8][9] Шаблон:Transl (breathing control), Шаблон:Transl (triangular principle) and Шаблон:Transl (turning) movements that redirect the opponent's attack momentum. Its curriculum comprises various techniques, primarily throws and joint locks.[10] It also includes a weapons system encompassing the Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl.
Aikido derives mainly from the martial art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to diverge from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the Ōmoto-kyō religion. Ueshiba's early students' documents bear the term Шаблон:Transl.[11]
Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending partly on when they studied with him. Today, aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with broad ranges of interpretation and emphasis. However, they all share techniques formulated by Ueshiba and most have concern for the well-being of the attacker.
Etymology and basic philosophy
The word "aikido" is formed of three kanji:
- Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Transl – harmony, unifying
- Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Transl – energy, spirit
- Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Transl – way, path
The term Шаблон:Transl does not readily appear in the Japanese language outside the scope of budō. This has led to many possible interpretations of the word.
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) is mainly used in compounds to mean 'combine, unite, join together, meet', examples being Шаблон:Lang (combined/united), Шаблон:Lang (composition), Шаблон:Lang (unite/combine/join together), Шаблон:Lang (union/alliance/association), Шаблон:Lang (combine/unify), and Шаблон:Lang (mutual agreement). There is an idea of reciprocity, Шаблон:Lang (to get to know one another), Шаблон:Lang (talk/discussion/negotiation), and Шаблон:Lang (meet by appointment).
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) is often used to describe a feeling or emotive action, as in Шаблон:Lang ('I feel X', as in terms of thinking but with less cognitive reasoning), and Шаблон:Lang (feeling/sensation); it is used to mean energy or force, as in Шаблон:Lang (electricity) and Шаблон:Lang (magnetism); it can also refer to qualities or aspects of people or things, as in Шаблон:Lang (spirit/trait/temperament). The characters aeteological history can be traced back to the much older Chinese character of Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Transl) that is used extensively in Traditional Chinese medicine and acupunture.
The term Шаблон:Transl in Aikido is found in many other Japanese martial arts such as, judo and kendo, and in various non-martial arts, such as Japanese calligraphy (Шаблон:Transl), flower arranging (Шаблон:Transl) and tea ceremony (Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl).
Therefore, from a purely literal interpretation, aikido is the "Way of combining forces" or "Way of unifying energy", in which the term Шаблон:Transl refers to the martial arts principle or tactic of blending with an attacker's movements for the purpose of controlling their actions with minimal effort.[12] One applies Шаблон:Transl by understanding the rhythm and intent of the attacker to find the optimal position and timing to apply a counter-technique.
History
Aikido was created by Шаблон:Nihongo (1883–1969), referred to by some aikido practitioners as Шаблон:Transl (Great Teacher).[13] The term aikido was coined in the 20th century.[14] Ueshiba envisioned aikido not only as the synthesis of his martial training, but as an expression of his personal philosophy of universal peace and reconciliation. During Ueshiba's lifetime and continuing today, aikido has evolved from the Шаблон:Transl that Ueshiba studied into a variety of expressions by martial artists throughout the world.[10]
Initial development
Ueshiba developed aikido primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s through the synthesis of the older martial arts that he had studied.[15] The core martial art from which aikido derives is Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, which Ueshiba studied directly with Takeda Sōkaku, the reviver of that art. Additionally, Ueshiba is known to have studied Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū with Tozawa Tokusaburō in Tokyo in 1901, Gotōha Yagyū Shingan-ryū under Nakai Masakatsu in Sakai from 1903 to 1908, and judo with Шаблон:Nihongo (1894–1972) in Tanabe in 1911.[16]
The art of Шаблон:Transl is the primary technical influence on aikido. Along with empty-handed throwing and joint-locking techniques, Ueshiba incorporated training movements with weapons, such as those for the spear (Шаблон:Transl), short staff (Шаблон:Transl), and possibly the Шаблон:Nihongo. Aikido also derives much of its technical structure from the art of swordsmanship (Шаблон:Transl).[4][17]
Ueshiba moved to Hokkaidō in 1912, and began studying under Takeda Sokaku in 1915; His official association with Daitō-ryū continued until 1937.[15] However, during the latter part of that period, Ueshiba had already begun to distance himself from Takeda and the Шаблон:Transl. At that time Ueshiba referred to his martial art as "Aiki Budō". It is unclear exactly when Ueshiba began using the name "aikido", but it became the official name of the art in 1942 when the Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society (Шаблон:Transl) was engaged in a government sponsored reorganization and centralization of Japanese martial arts.[10]
Religious influences
After Ueshiba left Hokkaidō in 1919, he met and was profoundly influenced by Onisaburo Deguchi, the spiritual leader of the Ōmoto-kyō religion (a neo-Shinto movement) in Ayabe.[18] One of the primary features of Ōmoto-kyō is its emphasis on the attainment of utopia during one's life. This idea was a great influence on Ueshiba's martial arts philosophy of extending love and compassion especially to those who seek to harm others. Aikido demonstrates this philosophy in its emphasis on mastering martial arts so that one may receive an attack and harmlessly redirect it. In an ideal resolution, not only is the receiver unharmed, but so is the attacker.[19]
In addition to the effect on his spiritual growth, the connection with Deguchi gave Ueshiba entry to elite political and military circles as a martial artist. As a result of this exposure, he was able to attract not only financial backing but also gifted students. Several of these students would found their own styles of aikido.[20]
International dissemination
Aikido was first introduced to the rest of the world in 1951 by Minoru Mochizuki with a visit to France, where he demonstrated aikido techniques to judo students.[21] He was followed by Tadashi Abe in 1952, who came as the official Aikikai Hombu representative, remaining in France for seven years. Kenji Tomiki toured with a delegation of various martial arts through 15 continental states of the United States in 1953.[20][22] Later that year, Koichi Tohei was sent by Aikikai Hombu to Hawaii for a full year, where he set up several dōjō. This trip was followed by several subsequent visits and is considered the formal introduction of aikido to the United States. The United Kingdom followed in 1955; Italy in 1964 by Hiroshi Tada; and Germany in 1965 by Katsuaki Asai. Designated the "Official Delegate for Europe and Africa" by Morihei Ueshiba, Masamichi Noro arrived in France in September 1961. Seiichi Sugano was appointed to introduce aikido to Australia in 1965. Today there are aikido dōjō throughout the world.
Proliferation of independent organizations
Шаблон:Further Шаблон:See also
The largest aikido organization is the Aikikai Foundation, which remains under the control of the Ueshiba family. However, aikido has developed into many styles, most of which were formed by Morihei Ueshiba's major students.[20]
The earliest independent styles to emerge were Yoseikan Aikido, begun by Minoru Mochizuki in 1931,[21] Yoshinkan Aikido, founded by Gozo Shioda in 1955,[23] and Shodokan Aikido, founded by Kenji Tomiki in 1967.[24] The emergence of these styles pre-dated Ueshiba's death and did not cause any major upheavals when they were formalized. Shodokan Aikido, however, was controversial, since it introduced a unique rule-based competition that some felt was contrary to the spirit of aikido.[20]
After Ueshiba's death in 1969, two more major styles emerged. Significant controversy arose with the departure of the Aikikai Hombu Dojo's chief instructor Koichi Tohei, in 1974. Tohei left as a result of a disagreement with the son of the founder, Kisshomaru Ueshiba, who at that time headed the Aikikai Foundation. The disagreement was over the proper role of Шаблон:Transl development in regular aikido training. After Tohei left, he formed his own style, called Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido, and the organization that governs it, the Ki Society (Шаблон:Transl).[25]
A final major style evolved from Ueshiba's retirement in Iwama, Ibaraki and the teaching methodology of long term student Morihiro Saito. It is unofficially referred to as the "Iwama style", and at one point a number of its followers formed a loose network of schools they called Iwama Ryu. Although Iwama style practitioners remained part of the Aikikai until Saito's death in 2002, followers of Saito subsequently split into two groups. One remained with the Aikikai and the other formed the independent Shinshin Aikishuren Kai in 2004 around Saito's son Hitohiro Saito.
Today, the major styles of aikido are each run by a separate governing organization, have their own Шаблон:Nihongo in Japan, and are taught throughout the world.[20]
Шаблон:Transl
The study of Шаблон:Transl is an important component of aikido. The term does not specifically refer to either physical or mental training, as it encompasses both. The kanji for Шаблон:Transl was written in its older form as Шаблон:Lang up until the Japanese governmental writing reforms after World War II, and now is more prevalently seen in its modern form of Шаблон:Lang. This form has the removal of the eight directions denoting the pre and post natal energies of Шаблон:Nihongo (Chinese – Шаблон:Transl) also known in the Art of Aikido as "Source energy".
The character for Шаблон:Transl is used in everyday Japanese terms, such as Шаблон:Nihongo, or Шаблон:Nihongo. Шаблон:Transl has many meanings, including "ambience", "mind", "mood", or "intention and action", however, in traditional martial arts and medicine it is often referred to in its more general terminology as "life energy". Gozo Shioda's Yoshinkan Aikido, considered one of the "hard styles", largely follows Ueshiba's teachings from before World War II, and surmises that the secret to Шаблон:Transl lies in timing and the application of the whole body's strength to a single point.[26] In later years, Ueshiba's application of Шаблон:Transl in aikido took on a softer, more gentle feel. This concept was known as Takemusu Aiki, and many of his later students teach about Шаблон:Transl from this perspective. Koichi Tohei's Ki Society centers almost exclusively around the study of the empirical (albeit subjective) experience of Шаблон:Transl, with students' proficiency in aikido techniques and Шаблон:Transl development ranked separately.[27]
Training
In aikido, as in virtually all Japanese martial arts, there are both physical and mental aspects of training. The physical training in aikido is diverse, covering both general physical fitness and conditioning, as well as specific techniques.[28] Because a substantial portion of any aikido curriculum consists of throws, beginners learn how to safely fall or roll.[28] The specific techniques for attack include both strikes and grabs; the techniques for defense consist of throws and pins. After basic techniques are learned, students study freestyle defense against multiple opponents, and techniques with weapons.
Fitness
Physical training goals pursued in conjunction with aikido include controlled relaxation, correct movement of joints such as hips and shoulders, flexibility, and endurance, with less emphasis on strength training. In aikido, pushing or extending movements are much more common than pulling or contracting movements. This distinction can be applied to general fitness goals for the aikido practitioner.[4]
In aikido, specific muscles or muscle groups are not isolated and worked to improve tone, mass, or power. Aikido-related training emphasizes the use of coordinated whole-body movement and balance similar to yoga or pilates. For example, many dōjōs begin each class with Шаблон:Nihongo, which may include stretching and Шаблон:Transl (break falls).[29]
Roles of Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl
"Uke", in this case on the left, is doing rolling Ukemi (France, 2002).
Aikido training is based primarily on two partners practicing pre-arranged forms (Шаблон:Transl) rather than freestyle practice. The basic pattern is for the receiver of the technique (Шаблон:Transl) to initiate an attack against the person who applies the technique—the Шаблон:Nihongo, or Шаблон:Nihongo (depending on aikido style), also referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo (when applying a throwing technique), who neutralises this attack with an aikido technique.[30]
Both halves of the technique, that of Шаблон:Transl and that of Шаблон:Transl, are considered essential to aikido training.[30] Both are studying aikido principles of blending and adaptation. Шаблон:Transl learns to blend with and control attacking energy, while Шаблон:Transl learns to become calm and flexible in the disadvantageous, off-balance positions in which Шаблон:Transl places them. This "receiving" of the technique is called Шаблон:Transl.[30] Шаблон:Transl continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities (e.g., an exposed side), while Шаблон:Transl uses position and timing to keep Шаблон:Transl off-balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, Шаблон:Transl will sometimes apply Шаблон:Nihongo to regain balance and pin or throw Шаблон:Transl.
Шаблон:Nihongo refers to the act of receiving a technique. Good Шаблон:Transl involves attention to the technique, the partner, and the immediate environment—it is considered an active part of the process of learning aikido. The method of falling itself is also important, and is a way for the practitioner to receive an aikido technique safely and minimize risk of injury.
Initial attacks
Aikido techniques are usually a defense against an attack, so students must learn to deliver various types of attacks to be able to practice aikido with a partner. Although attacks are not studied as thoroughly as in striking-based arts, attacks with intent (such as a strong strike or an immobilizing grab) are needed to study correct and effective application of technique.[4]
Many of the Шаблон:Nihongo of aikido resemble cuts from a sword or other grasped object, which indicate its origins in techniques intended for armed combat.[4] Other techniques, which explicitly appear to be punches (Шаблон:Transl), are practiced as thrusts with a knife or sword. Kicks are generally reserved for upper-level variations; reasons cited include that falls from kicks are especially dangerous, and that kicks (high kicks in particular) were uncommon during the types of combat prevalent in feudal Japan.
Some basic strikes include:
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a vertical knifehand strike to the head. In training, this is usually directed at the forehead or the crown for safety, but more dangerous versions of this attack target the bridge of the nose and the maxillary sinus.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a diagonal knifehand strike to the side of the head or neck.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a punch to the torso. Specific targets include the chest, abdomen, and solar plexus, sometimes referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo, or Шаблон:Nihongo.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a punch to the face, sometimes referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo.
Beginners in particular often practice techniques from grabs, both because they are safer and because it is easier to feel the energy and the direction of the movement of force of a hold than it is for a strike. Some grabs are historically derived from being held while trying to draw a weapon, whereupon a technique could then be used to free oneself and immobilize or strike the attacker while they are grabbing the defender.[4] The following are examples of some basic grabs:
- Шаблон:Nihongo, when one hand grabs one wrist.
- Шаблон:Nihongo, when both hands grab one wrist; sometimes referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo
- Шаблон:Nihongo, when both hands grab both wrists; sometimes referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo.
- Шаблон:Nihongo when one shoulder is grabbed.
- Шаблон:Nihongo, when both shoulders are grabbed. It is sometimes combined with an overhead strike as Шаблон:Nihongo.
- Шаблон:Nihongo, when the lapel is grabbed; sometimes referred to as Шаблон:Nihongo.
Basic techniques
The following are a sample of the basic or widely practiced throws and pins. Many of these techniques derive from Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but some others were invented by Morihei Ueshiba. The precise terminology for some may vary between organisations and styles; the following are the terms used by the Aikikai Foundation. Note that despite the names of the first five techniques listed, they are not universally taught in numeric order.[31]
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a control technique using one hand on the elbow and one hand near the wrist which leverages Шаблон:Transl to the ground.[32] This grip applies pressure into the ulnar nerve at the wrist.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a pronating wristlock that torques the arm and applies painful nerve pressure. (There is an adductive wristlock or Z-lock in the Шаблон:Transl version.)
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a rotational wristlock that directs upward-spiraling tension throughout the arm, elbow and shoulder.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a shoulder control technique similar to Шаблон:Transl, but with both hands gripping the forearm. The knuckles (from the palm side) are applied to the recipient's radial nerve against the periosteum of the forearm bone.[33]
- Шаблон:Nihongois a technique that is visually similar to Шаблон:Transl, but with an inverted grip of the wrist, medial rotation of the arm and shoulder, and downward pressure on the elbow. Common in knife and other weapon take-aways.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a throw during which Шаблон:Transl's hand is folded back past the shoulder, locking the shoulder joint.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a supinating wristlock-throw that stretches the extensor digitorum.
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a loosely used umbrella term for various types of mechanically unrelated techniques; Шаблон:Transl generally do not use joint locks like other techniques.[34]
- Шаблон:Nihongo, throws in which Шаблон:Transl moves through the space occupied by Шаблон:Transl. The classic form superficially resembles a "clothesline" technique.
- Шаблон:Nihongo, a throw in which, beginning with Шаблон:Transl, moving forward, Шаблон:Transl sweeps one hand low ("earth") and the other high ("heaven"), which unbalances Шаблон:Transl so that he or she easily topples over.
- Шаблон:Nihongo, aikido's version of the hip throw; Шаблон:Transl drops their hips lower than those of Шаблон:Transl, then flips Шаблон:Transl over the resultant fulcrum.
- Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo, a throw that locks the arms against each other (the kanji for "10" is a cross-shape: Шаблон:Lang).[35]
- Шаблон:Nihongo is a throw in which Шаблон:Transl sweeps Шаблон:Transl's arm back until it locks the shoulder joint, then uses forward pressure to throw them.[36]
Implementations
Aikido makes use of body movement (Шаблон:Transl) to blend the movement of Шаблон:Transl with the movement of Шаблон:Transl. For example, an "entering" (Шаблон:Transl) technique consists of movements inward towards Шаблон:Transl, while a Шаблон:Nihongo technique uses a pivoting motion.[37] Additionally, an Шаблон:Nihongo technique takes place in front of Шаблон:Transl, whereas an Шаблон:Nihongo technique takes place to their side; a Шаблон:Nihongo technique is applied with motion to the front of Шаблон:Transl, and a Шаблон:Nihongo version is applied with motion towards the rear of Шаблон:Transl, usually by incorporating a turning or pivoting motion. Finally, most techniques can be performed while in a seated posture (Шаблон:Transl). Techniques where both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Transl are standing are called Шаблон:Transl, techniques where both start off in Шаблон:Transl are called Шаблон:Transl, and techniques performed with Шаблон:Transl standing and Шаблон:Transl sitting are called Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang).[38]
From these few basic techniques, there are numerous of possible implementations. For example, Шаблон:Transl can be applied to an opponent moving forward with a strike (perhaps with an Шаблон:Transl type of movement to redirect the incoming force), or to an opponent who has already struck and is now moving back to reestablish distance (perhaps an Шаблон:Transl version). Specific aikido Шаблон:Transl are typically referred to with the formula "attack-technique(-modifier)"; Шаблон:Transl, for example, refers to any Шаблон:Transl technique executed when Шаблон:Transl is holding one wrist. This could be further specified as Шаблон:Transl (referring to any forward-moving Шаблон:Transl technique from that grab).
Шаблон:Nihongo are strikes (or feints) employed during an aikido technique. Some view Шаблон:Transl as attacks against "vital points" meant to cause damage in and of themselves. For instance, Gozo Shioda described using Шаблон:Transl in a brawl to quickly down a gang's leader.[26] Others consider Шаблон:Transl, especially to the face, to be methods of distraction meant to enable other techniques; a strike, even if it is blocked, can startle the target and break their concentration. Additionally, the target may also become unbalanced while attempting to avoid a strike (by jerking the head back, for example) which may allow for an easier throw.[38] Many sayings about Шаблон:Transl are attributed to Morihei Ueshiba, who considered them an essential element of technique.[39]
Weapons
Weapons training in aikido traditionally includes the short staff (Шаблон:Transl) (these techniques closely resemble the use of the bayonet, or Jūkendō), the wooden sword (Шаблон:Transl), and the knife (Шаблон:Transl).[40] Some schools incorporate firearm-disarming techniques, where either weapon-taking and/or weapon-retention may be taught. Some schools, such as the Iwama style of Morihiro Saito, usually spend substantial time practicing with both Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl, under the names of Шаблон:Transl, and Шаблон:Transl, respectively.
The founder developed many of the empty-handed techniques from traditional sword, spear and bayonet movements. Consequently, the practice of the weapons arts gives insight into the origin of techniques and movements, and reinforces the concepts of distance, timing, foot movement, presence and connectedness with one's training partner(s).[41]
Multiple attackers and Шаблон:Transl
One feature of aikido is training to defend against multiple attackers, often called Шаблон:Transl, or Шаблон:Transl. Freestyle practice with multiple attackers called Шаблон:Nihongo is a key part of most curricula and is required for the higher-level ranks.[42] Шаблон:Transl exercises a person's ability to intuitively perform techniques in an unstructured environment.[42] Strategic choice of techniques, based on how they reposition the student relative to other attackers, is important in Шаблон:Transl training. For instance, an Шаблон:Transl technique might be used to neutralise the current attacker while turning to face attackers approaching from behind.[4]
In Shodokan Aikido, Шаблон:Transl differs in that it is not performed with multiple persons with defined roles of defender and attacker, but between two people, where both participants attack, defend, and counter at will. In this respect it resembles judo Шаблон:Transl.[24][43]
Injuries
In applying a technique during training, it is the responsibility of Шаблон:Transl to prevent injury to Шаблон:Transl by employing a speed and force of application that is appropriate with their partner's proficiency in Шаблон:Transl.[30] When injuries (especially to the joints) occur, they are often the result of a Шаблон:Transl misjudging the ability of Шаблон:Transl to receive the throw or pin.[44][45]
A study of injuries in the martial arts showed that the type of injuries varied considerably from one art to the other.[46] Soft tissue injuries are one of the most common types of injuries found within aikido,[46] as well as joint strain and stubbed fingers and toes.[45] Several deaths from head-and-neck injuries, caused by aggressive Шаблон:Transl in a Шаблон:Transl hazing context, have been reported.[44]
Mental training
Aikido training is mental as well as physical, emphasizing the ability to relax the mind and body even under the stress of dangerous situations.[47] This is necessary to enable the practitioner to perform the 'enter-and-blend' movements that underlie aikido techniques, wherein an attack is met with confidence and directness.[48] Morihei Ueshiba once remarked that one "must be willing to receive 99% of an opponent's attack and stare death in the face" in order to execute techniques without hesitation.[49] As a martial art concerned not only with fighting proficiency but with the betterment of daily life, this mental aspect is of key importance to aikido practitioners.[50]
Uniforms and ranking
| rank | belt | color | type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Transl | Файл:Judo white belt.svg | white | Шаблон:Transl/Шаблон:Transl |
| Шаблон:Transl | Файл:Judo black belt.svg | black | Шаблон:Transl |
Aikido practitioners (commonly called Шаблон:Transl outside Japan) generally progress by promotion through a series of "grades" (Шаблон:Transl), followed by a series of "degrees" (Шаблон:Transl), pursuant to formal testing procedures. Some aikido organizations use belts to distinguish practitioners' grades, often simply white and black belts to distinguish Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl grades, although some use various belt colors. Testing requirements vary, so a particular rank in one organization is not comparable or interchangeable with the rank of another.[4] Some dōjōs have an age requirement before students can take the Шаблон:Transl rank exam.Шаблон:Citation needed
The uniform worn for practicing aikido (Шаблон:Transl) is similar to the training uniform (Шаблон:Transl) used in most other modern martial arts; simple trousers and a wraparound jacket, usually white. Both thick ("judo-style"), and thin ("karate-style") cotton tops are used.[4] Aikido-specific tops are available with shorter sleeves which reach to just below the elbow.[51]
Most aikido systems add a pair of wide pleated black or indigo trousers known as Шаблон:Transl (used also in Naginatajutsu, kendo, and iaido). In many schools, the wearing of Шаблон:Transl is reserved for practitioners with Шаблон:Transl ranks or for instructors, while others allow all practitioners to wear a Шаблон:Transl regardless of rank.[4]
Aikido styles
Aikido styles vary in their intention as due to its holistic nature. The most common differences noted in aikido, when observed externally, relate to the intensity and realism of training. Stanley Pranin has observed that some criticism may stem from weak attacks from Шаблон:Transl, allowing for a conditioned response from Шаблон:Transl, resulting in underdevelopment of the skills needed for the safe and effective practice of both partners.[52]
To counteract this, some styles allow students to become less compliant over time, but, in keeping with the core philosophies, this is after having demonstrated proficiency in being able to protect themselves and their training partners. Shodokan Aikido addresses the issue by practicing in a competitive format.[24] Such adaptations are debated between styles, with some maintaining that there is no need to adjust their methods because either the criticisms are unjustified, or that they are not training for self-defense or combat effectiveness, but spiritual, fitness or other reasons.[53]
Reasons for the difference and diversity of teachings, intention, and forms of aikido can be traced to the shift in training focus after the end of Ueshiba's seclusion in Iwama from 1942 to the mid-1950s, as he increasingly emphasized the spiritual and philosophical aspects of aikido. As a result, strikes to vital points by Шаблон:Transl, entering (Шаблон:Transl) and initiation of techniques by Шаблон:Transl, the distinction between Шаблон:Transl (front side) and Шаблон:Transl (back side) techniques, and the use of weapons, were all de-emphasized or eliminated from practice.[54]
Conversely, some styles of aikido place less importance on the spiritual practices emphasized by Ueshiba. According to Minoru Shibata of Aikido Journal:
O-Sensei's aikido was not a continuation and extension of the old and has a distinct discontinuity with past martial and philosophical concepts.[55]
In other words, aikido practitioners who focus on aikido's roots in traditional Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl are said to be diverging from what Ueshiba taught, as some critics urge practitioners:
[Ueshiba's] transcendence to the spiritual and universal reality were the fundamentals of the paradigm that he demonstrated.[55]
References
External links
- AikiWeb Aikido Information site on aikido, with essays, forums, gallery, reviews, columns, wiki and other information.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,8 4,9 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 Aikido and injuries: special report by Fumiaki Shishida Aiki News 1989;80 (April); partial English translation of article re-printed in Aikido Journal Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 45,0 45,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 46,0 46,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 55,0 55,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
