Английская Википедия:Air on the G String

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-move-indef Шаблон:Confuse "Air on the G String", also known as "Air for G String" and "Celebrated Air", is August Wilhelmj's 1871 arrangement of the second movement of Johann Sebastian Bach's Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major, BWV 1068.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[1][2][3]

The arrangement differs from the original in that the part of the first violins is transposed down so that the entire piece can be played on just the violin's lowest string (the G string, hence the name). In performance, that part is generally played by a single violin (instead of by the first violins as a group).

Bach's original

Шаблон:Listen Шаблон:See Bach's third Orchestral Suite in D major, composed in the first half of the 18th century, has an "Air" as second movement, following its French overture opening movement. The suite is composed for three trumpets, timpani, two oboes, strings (two violin parts and a viola part), and basso continuo. In the second movement of the suite however only the strings and the continuo play. This is the only movement of the suite where all other instruments are silent.

The music of the "Air" is written on four staves, for first and second violins, viola(s), and continuo. The interweaving melody lines of the high strings contrast with the pronounced rhythmic drive in the bass.

Wilhelmj's arrangement

Шаблон:Listen In 1871, violinist August Wilhelmj arranged the second movement of Bach's third Orchestral Suite for violin and an accompaniment of strings, piano or organ (harmonium).Шаблон:Sfn On the score he wrote Шаблон:Lang (on the G string) above the staff for the solo violin, which gave the arrangement its nickname.

In Wilhelmj's version the piece is transposed down from its original key (D major) to C major. Then the part of the first violins is transposed further down an octave and given to a solo violin that can play the entire melody on its lowest string, the G string.[4] The dynamic markings added by Wilhelmj are more in line with a romantic interpretation than with the baroque original.

As a violin can't play very loudly in its lowest register, all the other parts of Bach's music were firmly reduced in Wilhelmj's version: the keyboard part is to be played staccato and pianissimo, causing the effects of interweaving melodies and of drive in the bass part to get lost. The accompanying violins and violas play muted (con sordino), and the bass part for cellos and double basses is to be played pizzicato and Шаблон:Lang, with the same change in effect compared to Bach's original.[5]

Later, a spurious story circulated that the melody was always intended to be played on the G string alone.[6] The solo violin part of Wilhelmj's arrangement is sometimes played on the counter-tenor violoncello.

Wilhelmj's arrangement greatly popularized the piece and although his version is rarely played anymore, his original title on the G string or Air on the G string has been retained as the commonly used name of various arrangements whether or not a string instrument playing on its G string is involved.[4] Most of these versions have in common that the original melody of the first violins is played in the low register of a solo instrument, accompanied by a reduction of the material of the other parts of Bach's piece, although occasionally versions that stay more in line with Bach's original can go by the same name.

Reception

In a period that stretched over three decades, and started in 1905, Henry Wood regularly programmed Wilhelmj's arrangement at the London Proms.Шаблон:Sfn[7][8] Wood recorded his orchestral rendering (i.e., the G string part performed by a group of violins) of the Bach/Wilhelmj "Air" in the early 1930s.[9][10]

Early recordings

Recordings of Wilhelmj's "Air on the G String" arrangement, from the era preceding the Second World War, include:

Early recordings of Air on the G String
Rec. Soloist Accompaniment or Ensemble (Conductor) Company Matrix (Take) Title
1902 Hartmann, Leopold Gramophone 2155B Air auf der G-SaiteШаблон:Sfn
1903 Шаблон:Ill Gramophone 1528x Air auf der G-SaiteШаблон:Sfn
1904-02-01 Kreisler, Fritz Gramophone 2087x [11]
1905-03-01 Geyer, Stefi Шаблон:Ill [piano] [12]
1909-05 Rosé, Arnold Gramophone 14680u Air auf der G-SaiteШаблон:Sfn
1911-01-01 Vecsey, Ferenc [3]
1911-05-17 Elman, Mischa Kahn, Percy B. [piano] Victor C-9871 (3) Air for G string[13]
1913-10-01 Kubelík, Jan Falkenstein, George [piano] Victor B-13892 (1) Air for G String[2]
1913-11-09 Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra (Godfrey, Dan) Gramophone [14]
1918-07 Belov, Joel Gayler, Robert [piano] Edison 6289 (A–C) Air for G string[15]
1919-01-03 Belov, Joel Gayler, Robert [piano] Edison 6289 (F–H) Air for G string[16]
1919-11-11 Elman, Mischa Bonime, Joseph [piano] Victor C-9871 (5) Air for G string[13]
1921-04-01 Weißgerber, Andreas Raucheisen, Michael [piano] Odéon xxB6659 [3]
1923-01-24 Royal Albert Hall Orchestra (Goossens, Eugene) HMV Cc2215(-4) [17]
Шаблон:Circa Soldat-Roeger, Marie Union A3012 (3) Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
1923-08-10 Strockoff, Leo Columbia AX126 [3]
1924-01-01 Příhoda, Váša [3]
1927 Rosé, Arnold Rosé Quartet HMV Ck2847 (1) Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
1927-02-14 Thibaud, Jacques Craxton, Harold [piano] HMV Cc9913 [3]
1928 Rosé, Arnold Rosé Quartet HMV Ck2847 (2) Шаблон:Sfn
1929-11-04 Hubay, Jenő Budapest Conservatory Orchestra (Zsolt, Nándor) HMV CV713 Шаблон:Sfn[18]
1930-02-25 Cassadó, Gaspar [cello] Columbia WAX5416 [3]
1930-09-16 Huberman, Bronisław Шаблон:Ill [piano] Columbia WAX5007 [3]
1931-03-05 Zimbalist, Efrem Sanderberg, Theo [piano] Columbia 98737 (1) Air on the G string[19]
1932-06-16 British Symphony Orchestra (Wood, Henry) Columbia CAX6441(-1) Air on G String[9][10]
1936-05-20 Шаблон:Ill Orch. de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire Columbia CLX1919 [3]

Soldat-Roeger's recorded performance of the "Air on the G String" was the subject of scholarly analysis.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Appreciation of Wilhelmj's arrangement

Шаблон:Incomplete section In the early 20th century, Joseph Joachim called Wilhelmj's arrangement "a shameless falsification of a work by Bach".Шаблон:Sfn In Шаблон:Ill's XYZ der Muziek (1936, here quoted from the 1939 edition): Шаблон:Verse translation British musicologist Donald Francis Tovey likewise criticized Wihelmj's arrangement, stating that "At my concerts [the Air] will be heard as Bach wrote it, in its original D major as an angelic soprano strain, not in C major as a display of contralto depths."[4]

In popular music

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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External links

Шаблон:Commons category

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:IMSLP
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th edition, 1954, Vol. IX, p. 298, "Wilhelmj, August"
  7. ↑ Prom 61 - Last Night of the Proms 1907 at BBC website.
  8. ↑ Prom 19: 20:00 Sat 4 Sep 1909 Queen's Hall at BBC website.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Henry J Wood at music.damians78s.co.uk website.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 1CL0047154 at British Library Sounds website (contains audio file).
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Eugene Goossens III at music.damians78s.co.uk website.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media notes
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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