Английская Википедия:Airports of London

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Location map many The metropolitan area of London, England, United Kingdom, is served by six international airports and several smaller airports. Together, these airports constitute the busiest airport system in the world by passenger numbers and the second-busiest by aircraft movements.[1] In 2018, the six airports handled a total of 177,054,819 passengers. The London airports handle over 60% of all the UK's air traffic. The airports serve a total of 14 domestic destinations and 396 international destinations.

International airports

International airports in the London airport system[2]
Airport Airport codes Distance to
Central
London[3][4] 		2018 totals Total of 2015
passengers[5][6] 		Change
from 2011[5][6] 		% of
passengers 		Cargo (tonnes) Change
from 2010 		Aircraft
movements[7] 		Change
from 2011
IATA ICAO Passengers Aircraft
movements 		2015 2011
City LCY EGLC 14 km (9 mi) 4,820,292 78,036 4,319,301 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 2.78% 2.23% Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Center 70,781 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort
Heathrow LHR EGLL 26 km (16 mi) 80,102,017 480,339 74,985,748 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 48.30% 51.88% 1,484,351 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 475,176 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort
Gatwick LGW EGKK 45 km (28 mi) 46,075,400 283,926 40,269,087 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 25.94% 25.36% 88,085 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort 256,987 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort
Luton LTN EGGW 55 km (34 mi) 16,581,850 136,270 12,263,505 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 7.90% 7.12% 27,905 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort 96,797 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort
Stansted STN EGSS 63 km (39 mi) 27,995,121 185,660 22,519,178 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort 14.50% 12.94% 202,593 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 143,511 Шаблон:Decrease Шаблон:Sort
Southend SEN EGMC 64 km (40 mi) 1,480,139 17,088 900,648 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 0.58% 0.45% 6 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort 27,715 Шаблон:Increase Шаблон:Sort
Total Шаблон:N/a Шаблон:N/a Шаблон:N/a 177,054,819 1,181,319 155,257,467 Шаблон:Increase 1.02% 100.00% 100.00% 1,802,939 Шаблон:N/a 1,070,967 Шаблон:Decrease 0.11%

City (LCY)

Шаблон:Main

Located in the London Borough of Newham, London City AirportШаблон:Ref is situated in London's Docklands, four miles from Canary Wharf, and is the closest to central London, which limits its size—the airport has a single runway, which is very short. Furthermore, the airport has a steep approach at a 5.5° angle (as opposed to the usual 3 degrees).[8] As a result, only the smallest aircraft are permitted to use the airport, which initially prevented all long-haul flights. However, from 2009 to 2020, British Airways had operated a flight to New York–JFK, via Shannon, using an Airbus A318 – the largest aircraft that can be handled at the airport. The largest aircraft currently operating from the airport is the Airbus A220-100, slightly smaller than the Airbus A318,[9] with increased range and capable of taking off from London City fully loaded. Its first commercial flight completed in August 2017 from Zürich.[10]

The airport is often used by business travellers, with many flights serving destinations across the UK and northern Europe. The airport cannot easily be expanded due to the docks on either side. It is also the only airport serving London which does not operate at night.

A light rail service from London City Airport DLR station, which adjoins the terminal building of London City Airport, links it (among many other stations) to the financial district of the City of London at Bank and Monument stations, which offer interchanges with London Underground.

Heathrow (LHR)

Шаблон:Main

Файл:London - Heathrow (LHR - EGLL) AN1572653.jpg
London Heathrow is the busiest airport in the UK and in Europe and one of the busiest in the world.

Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, HeathrowШаблон:Ref is by far the largest of London's airports and considered the main gateway into the United Kingdom for non-European visitors. Heathrow has four terminals and two parallel runways. Due to the location in London's western suburbs, Heathrow has had trouble trying to expand, with various expansion projects being cancelled.[11] As a result, the airport consistently runs at over 99% capacity and is often included on lists of the worst-rated airports in the world.[12] However, on 1 July 2015 Heathrow's expansion plan was suggested as the best option by the Airport Commission and on 25 October 2016 a new northwest runway and terminal was approved by the Government.

The airport is connected to Great Britain's motorway network via the M4 and M25 motorways, to London Paddington station by Heathrow Express[13] and Elizabeth line trains and to other Central London destinations by London Underground trains on the Piccadilly line.

In April 2012 (before the 2012 Summer Olympics), Heathrow announced that for the first time in history it handled 70 million passengers in a calendar year,[14] making it the third busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger numbers, after Atlanta and Beijing–Capital. It also comes second behind Dubai–International in the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passenger numbers, as well as being the busiest airport in Europe by total passenger numbers.

Heathrow serves six continents around the world, and is the base for the flag carrier British Airways in Terminal 5. While it also serves short-haul flights, Heathrow is London's long-distance hub and is the most popular arrival point for flights from the United States of America (including New York–JFK), with 13 million passengers. However, because it is operating at capacity, Heathrow has failed to increase service to cities in the newly industrialised countries such as China, falling behind European bases like Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Paris–Charles de Gaulle.

Gatwick (LGW)

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Gatwick Airport, North Terminal.jpg
Side view of the North Terminal of Gatwick Airport

Located in West Sussex, GatwickШаблон:Ref is the second-busiest airport in the United Kingdom, the eighth-busiest in Europe, and the second-busiest single-runway airport in the world. It handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport[15] and is the main base of easyJet,[16] the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[17] Also using it as a base are British Airways, Norse Atlantic Airways, TUI Airways and Wizz Air.

The airport has two terminals, North and South. It is connected to the motorway network via the M23 and has its own railway station, with Southern and Thameslink trains serving London Victoria and London Bridge stations respectively, as well as the dedicated Gatwick Express shuttle to and from London Victoria.

Luton (LTN)

Шаблон:Main

Located in Bedfordshire, Luton AirportШаблон:Ref is London's fourth-largest airport, the fifth-busiest in the United Kingdom and the fourth-closest to central London, after Gatwick, Heathrow and City airports. The two airlines supplying most passenger capacity are the low-cost carriers, easyJet and Wizz Air.

Luton Airport Parkway railway station can be reached from London St Pancras in as little as 22 minutes via East Midlands Railway, while Thameslink is the primary operator, with slower but more frequent services. An automated people mover transit system, Luton DART, connects Luton Airport Parkway to the airport, a distance of just over a mile.[18]

Stansted (STN)

Шаблон:Main

Файл:London Stansted Airport.JPG
Aerial view of the main terminal and the satellite buildings of London Stansted Airport

Located in Essex, StanstedШаблон:Ref is London's third-busiest airport, being the fourth-busiest in the United Kingdom, behind Manchester Airport, 22nd-busiest in Europe and the largest operational base for Ryanair, which is Europe's largest low-cost carrier and the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[19] Stansted serves more scheduled European destinations than any other airport in the UK,[20] as well as some destinations further afield. It is the home of Air Harrods, operated by Harrods Aviation,[21] allowing VIP aircraft to land there, such as Air Force One carrying the President of the United States, Barack Obama, in 2009 and also 2016, also President Donald Trump in 2017 and 2019.[22]

Stansted Airport railway station is situated in the terminal building directly below the main concourse.[23] Services to Central London are on the Stansted Express train to and from London Liverpool Street.

Southend (SEN)

Шаблон:Main

Located in Essex, Southend AirportШаблон:Ref expanded commercial air transport operations to destinations in Ireland in 2011, and to mainland Europe in 2012 when easyJet commenced operations using the brand new terminal and railway station. Southend claims it only takes 15 minutes to go through arrivals from plane to train with hand luggage. It was the third-busiest airport in London from the 1960s until the end of the 1970s, when it was overtaken in passenger numbers by London Stansted Airport.[24][25]

Southend Airport railway station is served by Abellio Greater Anglia trains, which connect the airport to London Liverpool Street station up to 8 times per hour. The journey to London takes about one hour.[26]

Other airports

Though not generally considered London airports, Birmingham Airport and Southampton Airport have been suggested as alternative airports for London due to the existence of direct rail links serving Central London.[27] Birmingham Airport has argued that High Speed 2, once complete, would make it an attractive option for London passengers.[28]

Other civil airports

Файл:Airports serving london.png
Locations of OXF, LHR, LTN, LGW, LCY, STN, SEN and LYX

A number of other airports also serve the London area.

Open airports

The following are mainly used by general aviation flights.

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Closed airports

Airports are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction. Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Royal Air Force stations

There were several Royal Air Force stations in London. This list excludes those that are classed as non-flying stations.

Operational

Non-operational

Station are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction. Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Proposed airports

Thames Estuary

Шаблон:Main Due to London's airports, particularly Heathrow, operating at full capacity, Boris Johnson, London's former mayor and former UK Prime Minister, and Sir Norman Foster historically proposed a new airport, either on a man-made island in the Thames Estuary, or on the Isle of Grain in north Kent. Foster's proposed Thames Hub Airport would have been very similar to the design of Hong Kong International Airport and Qatar's Hamad International Airport. The plans to have an airport able to handle 110 million passengers a year would have required the closure of Heathrow, and probably have made the new airport the busiest in the world.

The plans met with opposition from some people living nearby, warning the airport would cause a significant increase in bird strikes.[29] Some other people and local businesses, recognising the depressed levels of economic activity in north Kent, were supportive and argued that London needed a new airport in order to be able to compete in the world.

Given its position east of London, this airport would have been less accessible than Heathrow from most parts of central and southern England.

Traffic and statistics

Passengers numbers

Шаблон:Airport-Statistics

Airports of London passenger totals, 2004–2014 (millions)
<timeline>

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PlotData= 

color:darkblue width:30
bar:2004 from:start till:67.109
bar:2005 from:start till:67.683
bar:2006 from:start till:67.339
bar:2007 from:start till:67.852
bar:2008 from:start till:66.907
bar:2009 from:start till:65.907
bar:2010 from:start till:65.745
bar:2011 from:start till:69.391
bar:2012 from:start till:69.983
bar:2013 from:start till:72.332
bar:2014 from:start till:73.371
color:blue width:30
bar:2004 from:67.109 till:98.501
bar:2005 from:67.683 till:100.376
bar:2006 from:67.339 till:101.420
bar:2007 from:67.852 till:103.018
bar:2008 from:66.907 till:101.069
bar:2009 from:65.907 till:98.267
bar:2010 from:65.745 till:97.088
bar:2011 from:69.391 till:103.035
bar:2012 from:69.983 till:104.202
bar:2013 from:72.332 till:107.760
bar:2014 from:73.371 till:111.465
color:gray width:30
bar:2004 from:98.501 till:119.408
bar:2005 from:100.376 till:122.368
bar:2006 from:101.420 till:125.10
bar:2007 from:103.018 till:126.78
bar:2008 from:101.069 till:123.41
bar:2009 from:98.267 till:118.22
bar:2010 from:97.088 till:115.65
bar:2011 from:103.035 till:121.08
bar:2012 from:104.202 till:121.67
bar:2013 from:107.760 till:125.61
bar:2014 from:111.465 till:131.40
color:pink width:30
bar:2004 from:119.408 till:126.93
bar:2005 from:122.368 till:131.50
bar:2006 from:125.10 till:134.51
bar:2007 from:126.78 till:136.70
bar:2008 from:123.41 till:133.58
bar:2009 from:118.22 till:127.33
bar:2010 from:115.65 till:124.38
bar:2011 from:121.08 till:130.59
bar:2012 from:121.67 till:131.28
bar:2013 from:125.61 till:135.30
bar:2014 from:131.40 till:141.88
color:purple width:30
bar:2004 from:126.93 till:128.60
bar:2005 from:131.50 till:133.50
bar:2006 from:134.51 till:136.87
bar:2007 from:136.70 till:139.61
bar:2008 from:133.58 till:136.84
bar:2009 from:127.33 till:130.13
bar:2010 from:124.38 till:127.16
bar:2011 from:130.59 till:133.58
bar:2012 from:131.28 till:134.30
bar:2013 from:135.30 till:138.68
bar:2014 from:141.88 till:145.53
color:black width:30
bar:2010 from:127.16 till:127.17
bar:2011 from:133.58 till:133.63
bar:2012 from:134.30 till:134.91
bar:2013 from:138.68 till:139.65
bar:2014 from:145.53 till:146.63

</timeline>

Updated: 28 April 2015.[30]
Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City, Southend

Cargo numbers

Graph showing cargo, passengers, and aircraft movements from 1990 to 2011
Statistics from 1990 to 2011

Change

Year Aircraft
movements		 Percentage
change		 Passenger
numbers		 Percentage
change		 Cargo
tonnes		 Percentage
change
2001 1,074,773[31] Шаблон:Decrease 1 113,790,381 Шаблон:Decrease 2 1,649,437
2002 954,570[32] Шаблон:Decrease 11.2 117,138,188 Шаблон:Increase 2.9 1,682,693 Шаблон:Increase 2.0
2003 967,270[33] Шаблон:Increase 1.3 120,493,239 Шаблон:Increase 2.9 1,667,803 Шаблон:Decrease 0.9
2004 1,005,256[34] Шаблон:Increase 3.8 128,933,753 Шаблон:Increase 7.0 1,795,326 Шаблон:Increase 7.6
2005 1,038,241[35] Шаблон:Increase 3.2 133,836,827 Шаблон:Increase 3.8 1,788,671 Шаблон:Decrease 0.4
2006 1,060,831[36] Шаблон:Increase 5.4 137,192,958 Шаблон:Increase 2.5 1,717,360 Шаблон:Decrease 4.0
2007 1,087,703[37] Шаблон:Increase 2.5 139,950,593 Шаблон:Increase 2.0 1,724,040 Шаблон:Increase 0.4
2008 1,077,448[38] Шаблон:Decrease 0.9 137,106,041 Шаблон:Decrease 2.0 1,743,028 Шаблон:Increase 1.1
2009 1,003,616[39] Шаблон:Decrease 6.9 130,307,938 Шаблон:Decrease 5.0 1,563,783 Шаблон:Decrease 10.3
2010 954,371[40] Шаблон:Decrease 4.9 127,353,419 Шаблон:Decrease 2.3 1,808,005 Шаблон:Increase 15.6
2011 1,072,126[7] Шаблон:Increase 12.4 133,709,327 Шаблон:Increase 5.0 1,802,939[41] Шаблон:Decrease 0.3
2012 1,060,967[7] Шаблон:Decrease 1.0 134,914,412 Шаблон:Increase 0.9 1,805,761[42] Шаблон:Increase 0.2
2013 1,067,992[7] Шаблон:Increase 0.7 139,652,261 Шаблон:Increase 3.5 1,760,690[42] Шаблон:Decrease 2.5
2014 1,098,605[7] Шаблон:Increase 2.9 146,631,158 Шаблон:Increase 5.0 1,819,587[42] Шаблон:Increase 3.3

Busiest routes

In total, there were 30 international destinations from London, and another 3 domestic routes, that handled more than 1 million passengers in 2011:

Destination Passengers
Dublin, Ireland 3,705,696
Amsterdam, Netherlands 3,026,082
New York–JFK, United States 2,700,613
Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates 2,506,613
Madrid, Spain 2,496,921
İstanbul–Atatürk, Turkey 2,376,284
Geneva, Switzerland 2,218,593
Málaga, Spain 1,814,682
Frankfurt, Germany 1,678,536
Barcelona, Spain 1,661,301
Copenhagen, Denmark 1,656,818
Zürich, Switzerland 1,642,959
Munich, Germany 1,546,441
Rome–Fiumicino, Italy 1,530,810
Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France 1,526,030
Hong Kong, Hong Kong 1,412,749
Alicante, Spain 1,302,237
Los Angeles, United States 1,299,118
Chicago–O'Hare, United States 1,207,424
Newark, United States 1,197,847
Palma de Mallorca, Spain 1,189,761
Toronto–Pearson, Canada 1,186,783
Faro, Portugal 1,186,358
Stockholm–Arlanda, Sweden 1,185,848
Budapest, Hungary 1,145,011
Nice, France 1,134,396
Singapore, Singapore 1,069,706
Lisbon, Portugal 1,069,055
Boston, United States 1,031,320
Delhi, India 1,003,598

Heathrow Airport is a major hub for flights across the North Atlantic. In 2011, 11% of all north Atlantic flights originated or terminated at Heathrow, more than Paris and Frankfurt combined, and Heathrow is the European terminus for 11 of the 25 busiest north Atlantic routes.

The busiest long-haul route in the world is between London (Heathrow and Gatwick) and New York (JFK and Newark), with a total of 3,898,460 passengers travelling between the two cities in 2011.Шаблон:Citation needed

Maps

Шаблон:GeoGroup Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Beijing to overtake London as world's largest aviation hub. Massive new airport planned
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ "How to get into the city from London's airports", wind.com.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 Aircraft Movements 2012Шаблон:Dead link
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Based on IATA schedules for August 2016
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ stanstedairport.com - To & From the Airport retrieved 25 April 2017
  24. ↑ EasyJet Helps Make Southend London's Sixth Major Airport London.net, published 16 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011
  25. ↑ EasyJet to offer flights from Southend Financial Times, published 16 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Aircraft Movements 2001 Шаблон:Webarchive
  32. ↑ Air Transport Movements(a) 2002 Шаблон:Webarchive
  33. ↑ Air Transport Movements(a) 2003 Шаблон:Webarchive
  34. ↑ Air Transport Movements(a) 2004 Шаблон:Webarchive
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Air Transport Movements 2010 Шаблон:Webarchive
  41. ↑ Air Transport Movements 2011 Шаблон:Webarchive
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 42,2 Шаблон:Cite web
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