Английская Википедия:Aisha

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Pp-move-indef Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox person

Aisha bint Abi Bakr (Шаблон:Lang-ar; Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1][2] also Шаблон:IPAc-en,[3] Шаблон:Circa) was Islamic prophet Muhammad's third and youngest wife.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Islamic writings, her name is thus often prefixed by the title "Mother of the Believers" (Шаблон:Lang-ar), referring to the description of Muhammad's wives in the Qur'an.[4]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Little is known about the early life of Aisha. A preponderance of classical sources converge on Aisha being 6 or 7 years old at the time of her marriage, and 9 at the consummation; her age has become a source of ideological friction in modern times.Шаблон:Sfn Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. In Sunni tradition, Aisha is portrayed as scholarly, intelligent and inquisitive. She contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death.Шаблон:Sfn She is also known for narrating 2,210 hadiths,[5] not just on matters related to Muhammad's private life, but also on topics such as inheritance, pilgrimage, and eschatology.Шаблон:Sfn Her intellect and knowledge in various subjects, including poetry and medicine, were highly praised by early scholars and luminaries such as al-Zuhri and her student Urwa ibn al-Zubayr.Шаблон:Sfn

Her father, Abu Bakr (Шаблон:Reign), became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad, and after two years was succeeded by Umar (Шаблон:Reign). A'isha played a leading role in the opposition to the third caliph Uthman (Шаблон:Reign), though she did also oppose those responsible for his assassination.Шаблон:Sfn She refused to recognize Uthman's successor Ali (Шаблон:Reign) and joined al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah. She was defeated in Battle of the Camel, after which she retired in Medina, became reconciled to Ali and did not oppose caliph Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn She participated in the battle by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel. She ended up losing the battle, but her involvement and determination left a lasting impression.Шаблон:Sfn Because of her involvement in this battle, Shia Muslims have a generally negative view of Aisha.

Sources

Biographical information on Muhammad and his companions are recorded in hadiths and sira. Hadiths were initially narrated orally before being collected and compiled by Hadith scholars.Шаблон:Sfn In Islam, hadiths are regarded as fundamental sources second only to the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn However, the historical reliability of both hadith and sira has been a topic of debate among some academic circles.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Early life

Aisha was born in Mecca Шаблон:Circa.Шаблон:Sfn[6] She was the daughter of Abu Bakr and Umm Ruman, two of Muhammad's most trusted companions.Шаблон:Sfn No sources offer much more information about Aisha's childhood years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Marriage to Muhammad

The idea to match Aisha with Muhammad was suggested by Khawlah bint Hakim after the death of Muhammad's first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After this, the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with Jubayr ibn Muṭʽim was put aside by common consent. Abu Bakr was uncertain at first "as to the propriety or even legality of marrying his daughter to his 'brother'." Muhammad responded that they were brothers only in religion.Шаблон:Sfn Orientalist W. Montgomery Watt suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr;Шаблон:Sfn the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture.Шаблон:Sfn

All extant hadiths agree that Aisha was married to Muhammad in Mecca but the marriage was consummated only in the month of Shawwal after his hijrah to Medina (April 623).Шаблон:Sfn Some classical sources have Aisha speak of the marriage to have been executed in Medina itself without referencing to any delay.Шаблон:Sfn

Age at marriage and consummation Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:See also

According to the Islamic tradition, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married off by her father to Muhammad.[7] This is reported across many of the books of Hadith, the earliest being the report recorded by the companion of Malik ibn Anas, ibn Wahb in his hadith collection "al Jami' - Ibn Wahb" in which Aisha recollects the time when she was married off to Muhammad. Similar reports can be found in the famous Sahih compilations by Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim.[8][9]

As for what has been transmitted on her age of marriage through the Sirah and Tarikh literature, Ibn Sa'd's biography holds her age at the time of marriage as between six and seven, and gives her age at consummation to be nine while Ibn Hisham's biography of Muhammad suggests she may have been ten years old at consummation.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Tabari notes Aisha to have stayed with her parents after the marriage and consummated the relationship at nine years of age since she was young and sexually immature at the time of marriage; however, elsewhere Tabari appears to suggest that she was born during the Jahiliyyah (before 610 C.E), which would translate to an age of about twelve or more at marriage.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In Islamic literature, the young age of her marriage did not draw any significant discourse; nonetheless, Spellberg and Ali find the very mention of her age to be atypical of early Muslim biographers, and hypothesize a connotation to her virginity and religious purity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Her age did not interest later Muslim scholars either, and went unremarked-upon by medieval and early-modern Christian polemicists.Шаблон:Sfn Early Orientalist writers—despite taking a condescending approach towards Muhammad and Islam—did not focus on Aisha's age but instead on Muhammad's engaging in polygamy, the ethics of marrying for political causes, etc.Шаблон:Sfn A few, however chose to explain the age-gap—passively and without any condemnation—citing the contemporary understanding of the Orient as a hot place, that promulgated sexually deviant practices.Шаблон:Sfn

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, with the East and its alleged immoralities subject to increasing opprobrium,Шаблон:Efn the colonizing powers sought to regulate the age of consent. As such efforts ran into conflicts with local forms of Sharia, pointers to Aisha's age at marriage (and the associated Prophetic precedent) proliferated across the archives in explaining the backwardness of Muslim societies and their reticence to reforms.Шаблон:Sfn In response, some MuslimsШаблон:Efn chose to align themselves with the projects of modernization and re-calculated her age—using deft stratagems of omission and commission—to fix it at early adolescence, but conservatives rejected such revisionist readings because they flew in the face of ʻilm al-ḥadīth.Шаблон:Sfn

In the mid-20th century, growing concerns of Islamic extremism led to Muslim societies and Islam itself to come under scrutiny. Pointed criticisms of Aisha's young age at marriage began to appear; this has since prompted manyШаблон:Efn Muslim scholars to contextualize the traditionally accepted age of Aisha with renewed vigor, emphasizing cultural relativism, anachronism, the political dimensions of the marriage, Aisha's non-ordinary physique, etc.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn In the late-twentieth century and early twenty-first century, opponents of Islam have used Aisha's age to accuse Muhammad of pedophilia, as well as explain a reported higher prevalence of child marriage in Muslim societies.Шаблон:Sfn

Personal life

Relationship with Muhammad

Файл:Mohammed and his wife Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief. From the Siyer-i Nebi.jpg
Muhammad and Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief

In most Muslim traditions, Khadija bint Khuwaylid is described as Muhammad's most beloved and favored wife; Sunni tradition places Aisha as second only to Khadija.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There are several hadiths, or stories or sayings of Muhammad, that support this belief. One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?" he responded, "Aisha."Шаблон:Sfn Others relate that Muhammad built Aisha's apartment so that her door opened directly into the mosque,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and that she was the only woman with whom Muhammad received revelations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They bathed in the same water and he prayed while she lay stretched out in front of him.Шаблон:Sfn

Various traditions reveal the mutual affection between Muhammad and Aisha. He would often just sit and watch her and her friends play with dolls, and on occasion, he would even join them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Additionally, they were close enough that each was able to discern the mood of the other, as many stories relate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Aisha also spoke her mind, even at the risk of angering Muhammad. On one such instance, Muhammad's "announcement of a revelation permitting him to enter into marriages disallowed to other men drew from her [Aisha] the retort, 'It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire!'"Шаблон:Sfn Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad valued her keen memory and intelligence and so instructed his companions to draw some of their religious practices from her.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Aisha was jealous of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad's first wife, saying, "I did not feel jealous of any of the wives of the Prophet as much as I did of Khadija though I did not see her, the Prophet used to mention her very often, and whenever he slaughtered a sheep, he would cut its parts and send them to the women friends of Khadija. When I sometimes said to him, "(You treat Khadija in such a way) as if there is no woman on earth except Khadija," he would say, "Khadija was such-and-such, and from her I had children."[10]Шаблон:Primary inline

Aisha and Muhammad would often have races with each other, "I had a race with him (the Prophet) and I outstripped him on my feet. When I became fleshy, (again) I raced with him (the Prophet) and he outstripped me. He said: This is for that outstripping."[11]Шаблон:Primary inline

Accusation of adultery

When Muhammad and his followers carried out a raid on the Banu Mustaliq tribe, he brought along Aisha, who was 13 years old at the time. She was carried in a closed litter on the back of a camel. Aisha recounted that when the raiding party was resting at night on the way home to Medina from the successful operation, she went out to relieve herself. After doing so and returning to her litter, she realized that her necklace was missing, so she traced her way back to look for it. By the time she found it, the convoy had already left, thinking she was in the litter. Assuming that they would notice her absence and return to look for her, Aisha decided to stay where she was.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Aisha related that Safwan ibn Muattal, a young Muslim from the raiding party, had lagged behind for some reason. On his solo return journey to Medina, he came across Aisha sleeping on the ground by herself.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He addressed her, let her ride on his camel while he guided it, and escorted her home to Medina. It was not until the morning that Muhammad's convoy realized that Aisha was not in her litter.Шаблон:Sfn And later, when they were taking a break from the hot midday sun, Aisha and Safwan ran into them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A rumor then emerged that Aisha had committed adultery with Safwan. Moreover, it was said that she had conversed with him several times before. This rumor of adultery, if true, could lead to Aisha being stoned to death.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Upon their arrival in Medina, Aisha fell ill and sensed that Muhammad was uncharacteristically cold toward her. She only learned of the rumor some three weeks later when Umm Mistah told her on their way back from defecating in an open field at night, as was customary for Muslim women at that time. Aisha subsequently went to her mother, asking what the people were talking about, and she replied, "Daughter, be at peace, for I swear by God that no beautiful woman is married to a man who has other wives, but that these other wives would find fault with her." So Aisha cried all night long.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Muhammad, despite his fondness for Aisha, was unsure of her innocence. He asked Usama ibn Zayd and Ali for their opinions. Usama vouched for Aisha's innocence,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but Ali said, "Women abound; you can easily find a substitute. Ask her slave; she might reveal the truth." When the slave girl arrived, Ali beat her severely and said, "Mind you tell the apostle the truth."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn But her answer was that she knew only good things about Aisha, with the single exception that when Aisha was entrusted with watching over a dough, she dozed off and allowed a sheep to eat it.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Muhammad later visited Aisha at her parents' house and advised her to confess if she had sinned, as God was merciful towards those who seek repentance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It had been more than a month since Aisha had returned alone with Safwan.Шаблон:Sfn Despite Muhammad's advice, Aisha refused to apologize as it would indicate guilt. She told Muhammad that she could find no better parallel for her current situation than that of Joseph's father, who had endured disbelief despite telling the truth and had no other choice but to remain patient. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad experienced a trance and received verses (Quran 24:11–15) that confirmed Aisha's innocence.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Hafsa affair

To prevent jealousy among his wives, Muhammad took turns spending nights with each of them in different dwellings. On the night designated for Hafsa bint Umar, while she was away visiting her father, Muhammad engaged in a sexual act in her bed with Mariya, a Coptic slave given to him as a gift. When Hafsa unexpectedly returned and witnessed the incident, she became furious. Fearing potential unrest in his harem, Muhammad swiftly moved to pacify her, vowing to never touch Mariya again and asking Hafsa to keep the matter confidential. Despite his efforts, Hafsa confided in Aisha, and it was not long before the news reached all his wives, leading to widespread discontent within his harem.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Angered by this turn of events, Muhammad received a new divine revelation (Quran 66:1–5), rebuking Aisha and Hafsa, and warning all his wives that God might replace them with better women. It also cancelled Muhammad's earlier vow not to touch Mariya again.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Consequently, Muhammad stopped visiting all his wives for a month for their punishment, and spent the whole time with Mariya only.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Later, after 29 days had passed, Muhammad visited Aisha first, but she said, "You pledged not to come to us for one month, but tonight only makes 29 nights; I have been keeping count." Muhammad replied, "But there are 29 days in this month!" And the month did have 29 days.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Nevertheless, certain hadiths present an alternate account regarding the revelation of these verses. According to this narrative, Muhammad enjoyed some honey at Zaynab bint Jahsh's home, leading Aisha and Hafsa to claim his breath smelled. Consequently, Muhammad pledged to abstain from the honey. The revealed verses nullified this vow, asserting that his action was permissible.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This alternative story, however, fails to explain the part of the verses where Muhammad treated the matter as confidential, which was then disclosed by Hafsa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Some scholars dismiss this alternative story as a fabrication aimed at undermining the previously more commonly known and less edifying version.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Death of Muhammad

Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife throughout his life. When he became ill and suspected that he was probably going to die, he began to ask his wives whose apartment he was to stay in next. They eventually figured out that he was trying to determine when he was due with Aisha, and they then allowed him to retire there. He remained in Aisha's apartment until his death, and his last breath was taken as he lay in the arms of Aisha, his second most beloved wife.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Political career

Aisha's importance to revitalizing the Arab tradition and leadership among the Arab women highlights her magnitude within Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Aisha became involved in the politics of early Islam and the first three caliphate reigns: Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman. During a time in Islam when women were not expected or wanted, to contribute outside the household, Aisha delivered public speeches, became directly involved in a war and even battles, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Additional citation needed

Role during caliphate

Role during first and second caliphates

After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as the first caliph. This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the Shia who believe that Ali had been appointed by Muhammad to lead while Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role: his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as a father-in-law. As caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for the new position of authority.Шаблон:Sfn

Aisha garnered more special privileges in the Islamic community for being known as both a wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the first caliph. Being the daughter of Abu Bakr tied Aisha to honorable titles earned from her father's strong dedication to Islam. For example, she was given the title of al-siddiqa bint al-Siddiq, meaning 'the truthful woman, daughter of the truthful man',Шаблон:Sfn a reference to Abu Bakr's support of the Isra and Mi'raj.Шаблон:Sfn

In 634 Abu Bakr fell sick and was unable to recover. Before his death, he appointed ‘Umar, one of his chief advisers, as the second caliph.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout ‘Umar's time in power Aisha continued to play the role of a consultant in political matters.Шаблон:Sfn

Role during the third caliphate

After ‘Umar died, ‘Uthmān was chosen to be the third caliph. He wanted to promote the interests of the Umayyads. Aisha had little involvement with ‘Uthmān for the first couple years, but eventually, she found a way into the politics of his reign. She eventually grew to despise ‘Uthmān, and many are unsure of what specifically triggered her eventual opposition towards him. A prominent opposition that arose towards him was when ‘Uthmān mistreated ‘Ammar ibn Yasir (companion of Muhammad) by beating him. Aisha became enraged and spoke out publicly, saying, "How soon indeed you have forgotten the practice (sunnah) of your prophet and these, his hairs, a shirt, and sandal have not yet perished!".Шаблон:Sfn

As time continued issues of antipathy towards ‘Uthmān continued to arise. Another instance of opposition arose when the people came to Aisha after Uthmān ignored the rightful punishment for Walid ibn Uqbah (Uthmān's brother). Aisha and Uthmān argued with each other, Uthmān eventually commented on why Aisha had come and how she was "ordered to stay at home".Шаблон:Sfn Arising from this comment, was the question of whether Aisha and for that matter women, still could be involved in public affairs. The Muslim community became split: "some sided with Uthmān, but others demanded to know who indeed had a better right than Aisha in such matters".Шаблон:Sfn

The caliphate took a turn for the worse when Egypt was governed by Abdullah ibn Saad. Abbott reports that Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa of Egypt, an opponent of ‘Uthmān, forged letters in the Mothers of the Believers' names to the conspirators against ‘Uthmān. The people cut off ‘Uthmān's water and food supply. When Aisha realized the behavior of the crowd, Abbott notes, Aisha could not believe the crowd "would offer such indignities to a widow of Muhammad".Шаблон:Sfn This refers to when Safiyya bint Huyayy (one of Muhammad's wives) tried to help ‘Uthmān and was taken by the crowd. Malik al-Ashtar then approached her about killing Uthmān and the letter, and she claimed she would never want to "command the shedding of the blood of the Muslims and the killing of their Imām";Шаблон:Sfn she also claimed she did not write the letters.Шаблон:Sfn The city continued to oppose ‘Uthmān, but as for Aisha, her journey to Mecca was approaching. With the journey to Mecca approaching at this time, she wanted to rid herself of the situation. ‘Uthmān heard of her not wanting to hurt him, and he asked her to stay because she influenced the people, but this did not persuade Aisha, and she continued on her journey.Шаблон:Sfn

First Fitna

Шаблон:Main

Файл:First Fitna map blank.svg
Domains of Rashidun Caliphate under four caliphs. The divided phase relates to the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the First Fitna. Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

In 655, Uthman's house was put under siege by about 1000 rebels. Eventually the rebels broke into the house and murdered Uthman, provoking the First Fitna.[12] After killing Uthman, the rebels asked Ali to be the new caliph, although Ali was not involved in the murder of Uthman according to many reports.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ali reportedly initially refused the caliphate, agreeing to rule only after his followers persisted.

When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman's murder, Aisha delivered a fiery speech against him for not avenging the death of Uthman. The first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman, and prominent members of the Banu Umayya. With the funds from the "Yemeni Treasury" Aisha set out on a campaign against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali.Шаблон:Citation needed

Aisha, along with an army including Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, confronted Ali's army, demanding the prosecution of Uthman's killers who had mingled with his army outside the city of Basra. When her forces captured Basra she ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others, including Hakim ibn Jabala, who were put to death in the Grand Mosque of Basra.[13]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Aisha's forces are also known to have tortured and imprisoned Uthman ibn Hunaif a Sahabi and the governor of Basra appointed by Ali.[14]

Файл:Muhammad's widow, Aisha, battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel (rotated).jpg
Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel

Ali rallied supporters and fought Aisha's forces near Basra in 656. The battle is known as the Battle of the Camel, after the fact that Aisha directed her forces from a howdah on the back of a large camel. Aisha's forces were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in the battle,Шаблон:Sfn considered the first engagement where Muslims fought Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn

After 110 days of the conflict, Ali met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of the state. She was also awarded a pension by Ali.Шаблон:Sfn

Although she retired to Medina, her forsaken efforts against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the First Fitna.Шаблон:Sfn

Contributions to Islam and influence

After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated in nine years of polygyny, marrying at least nine further wives. Muhammad's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence. In particular, Muhammad's unions with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar associated him with two of the most significant leaders of the early Muslim community, Aisha's and Hafsa's fathers, Abu Bakr and ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn

Aisha's marriage has given her significance among many within Islamic culture, becoming known as the most learned woman of her time. Being Muhammad's favorite wife, Aisha occupied an important position in his life.Шаблон:Sfn When Muhammad married Aisha in her youth, she was accessible "...to the values needed to lead and influence the sisterhood of Muslim women."Шаблон:Sfn After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was discovered to be a renowned source of hadiths, due to her qualities of intelligence and memory.Шаблон:Sfn Aisha conveyed ideas expressing Muhammad's practice (sunnah). She expressed herself as a role model to women, which can also be seen within some traditions attributed to her. The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Reza Aslan:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote

Not only was Aisha supportive of Muhammad, but she contributed scholarly intellect to the development of Islam.Шаблон:Sfn She was given the title al-Siddiqah, meaning 'the one who affirms the truth'. Aisha was known for her "...expertise in the Quran, shares of inheritance, lawful and unlawful matters, poetry, Arabic literature, Arab history, genealogy, and general medicine."Шаблон:Sfn Her intellectual contributions regarding the verbal texts of Islam were in time transcribed into written form, becoming the official history of Islam.Шаблон:Sfn After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith.Шаблон:Sfn Aisha's authentication of Muhammad's ways of prayer and his recitation of the Qur'an allowed for the development of knowledge of his sunnah of praying and reading verses of the Quran.Шаблон:Sfn

During Aisha's entire life she was a strong advocate for the education of Islamic women, especially in law and the teachings of Islam. She was known for establishing the first madrasa for women in her home.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Additional citation needed Attending Aisha's classes were various family relatives and orphaned children. Men also attended Aisha's classes, with a simple curtain separating the male and female students.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Additional citation needed

Political influence

Spellberg argues that Aisha's political influence helped promote her father, Abu Bakr, to the caliphate after Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn

After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel, Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher.Шаблон:Sfn Upon her arrival in Medina, Aisha retired from her public role in politics. Her discontinuation of public politics did not stop her political influence completely. Privately, Aisha continued influencing those intertwined in the Islamic political sphere. Among the Islamic community, she was known as an intelligent woman who debated law with male companions.Шаблон:Sfn Aisha was also considered to be the embodiment of proper rituals while partaking in the pilgrimage to Mecca, a journey she made with several groups of women. For the last two years of her life, Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad, hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law. Due to this, Aisha's political influence continues to impact Muslims.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

Aisha died at her home in Medina on 17 Ramadan 58 AH (16 July 678).Шаблон:Efn She was 67 years old.[15] Abu Hurairah led her funeral prayer after the tahajjud (night) prayer, and she was buried at Jannat al-Baqi‘.Шаблон:Sfn

Views

Sunni view of Aisha

Sunnis believe she was Muhammad's favorite wife after Khadija bint Khuwaylid. They consider her (among other wives) to be Umm al-Mu’minin and among the members of the Ahl al-Bayt, or Muhammad's family. According to Sunni hadith reports, Muhammad saw Aisha in two dreams[16][17] in which he was shown that he would marry her.[18][19]

Shia view of Aisha

Шаблон:Main The Shia view Aisha is different than Sunni. They criticize her for opposing Ali during his caliphate in the Battle of the Camel, when she fought men from Ali's army in Basra.[20]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Commons cat Шаблон:Wikiquote Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Wives of Muhammad Шаблон:Honoured women in Islam

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite American Heritage Dictionary
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Merriam-Webster
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Qref
  5. ↑ Islamyat: a core text for students.Шаблон:Fcn
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
    "Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood"
    i.e., the year 613–614
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ See:
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
    "‘A’isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) died and she remained a widow for forty-eight years till she died at the age of sixty-seven. She saw the rules of four caliphs in her lifetime. She died in Ramadan 58 AH during the caliphate of Mu‘awiya..."
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Aisha&oldid=12993101