Английская Википедия:Ajtony

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:History of Banat Ajtony, Ahtum or Achtum (Шаблон:Lang-hu, Шаблон:Lang-bg, Шаблон:Lang-ro, Шаблон:Lang-sr) was an early-11th-century ruler in the territory now known as Banat in present Romania and Serbia. His primary source is the Long Life of Saint Gerard, a 14th-century hagiography. Ajtony was a powerful ruler who owned many horses, cattle and sheep and was baptised according to the Orthodox rite in Vidin. He taxed salt which was transferred to King Stephen I of Hungary on the Mureș River. The king sent Csanád, Ajtony's former commander-in-chief, against him at the head of a large army. Csanád defeated and killed Ajtony, occupying his realm. In the territory, at least one county and a Roman Catholic diocese were established.

Historians disagree on the year of Ajtony's defeat; it may have occurred in 1002, 1008 or between 1027 and 1030. His ethnicity is also a subject of historical debate; he may have been Hungarian, Kabar, Pecheneg or Romanian. In Romanian historiography, Ajtony and Glad, the ruler of Banat during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin according to the 13th century Gesta Hungarorum are viewed as members of a Romanian ruling dynasty.

Background

The first page of a book depicting a coat-of-arms that is held by two naked angels
1597 edition of the Long Life of Saint Gerard

The Magyars (or Hungarians), who had lived on the Pontic steppe for decades, invaded the Carpathian Basin after their defeat by a coalition of Bulgarians and Pechenegs about 895 AD.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote that the seven Magyar tribes formed a confederation with the Kabars.Шаблон:Sfn Although the Kabars had originally lived in the Khazar Khaganate, they rebelled against the Khazars and joined the Magyars on the Pontic steppe.Шаблон:Sfn

According to churchman Regino of Prüm, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and other contemporary sources, the Magyars fought the Bavarians, Bulgarians, Carinthians, Franks and Moravians in the Carpathian Basin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among the Magyars' opponents the same sources noted many local rulers, including Svatopluk I of Moravia, Luitpold of Bavaria and Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Gesta HungarorumШаблон:Mdashthe earliest extant Hungarian chronicle, written after 1150Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Mdashinstead mentioned Glad, lord of the lands between the Danube and the Mureș (now known as the Banat in Romania and Serbia) and other local rulers absent from the earlier sources.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Therefore, the credibility of the Gesta reports is a subject of scholarly debate.Шаблон:Sfn Although Vlad Georgescu, Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians describe Glad as one of the local Romanian rulers who attempted to resist the invading Hungarians,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn other scholarsШаблон:Mdashincluding Pál Engel and György GyörffyШаблон:Mdashcall him one of the dozen "imaginary figures" invented by Anonymus (author of the Gesta) as foes in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Constantine Porphyrogenitus identified "the whole settlement of Turkey" (Hungary) with the basins of five rivers—the Criș, Mureș, Timiș, Tisza and the unidentified "Toutis"[1]—around 950, indicating that the land east of the Tisza was ruled by the Hungarians at that time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The emperor apparently received information about the Carpathian Basin situation from Termatzus, Bulcsú and Gylas, three Hungarian chieftains who visited Constantinople during the mid-10th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, Bulcsú and Gylas were baptised during their visit.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Bulcsú, Skylitzes wrote, still "violated his contract with God and often invaded" the Byzantine Empire; Gylas, however, "remained faithful to Christianity"[2] and made no further inroads against the empire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Skylitzes also mentioned a Greek monk, Hierotheos, who was ordained bishop for the Hungarians.Шаблон:Sfn Hierotheos accompanied Gylas back to Hungary and "converted many from the barbaric fallacy to Christianity".[2]Шаблон:Sfn Most 10th-century Byzantine coins and artifacts have been unearthed around the confluence of the Tisza and the Mureș, particularly in the Banat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tudor Sălăgean, Florin Curta and other historians posit that Gylas's lands must have been in these territories, but their theory is not universally accepted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Unlike Gylas, who chose the Eastern Orthodox Church, Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, opted for Western ChristianityШаблон:Sfn and a cleric from the Holy Roman Empire (according to most scholars, Bruno from the Abbey of Saint Gall) baptised him during the 970s.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Thietmar of Merseburg and other 11th-century authors emphasized that Géza was a cruel ruler, suggesting that the unification of the Hungarian chieftains' lands began under him.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Géza was succeeded by his son, Stephen, who was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000 or 1001.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:AnchorIn primary sources

Map depicting Ajtony's realm bordered by the Kingdom of Hungary, the Transylvanian duchy of Gyula and a duchy of one Sermon
Ajtony's realm
A gilded cloat depicting a bearded man with large eyes wearing royal insignia
Stephen I of Hungary, whose army conquered Ajtony's realm, on the Hungarian coronation pall (made in 1031)

The principal source of Ajtony's life is the Long Life of Saint Gerard, compiled from a number of earlier sources in the early 14th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to modern historians (including Carlile Aylmer Macartney and Florin Curta), all information on Ajtony incorporated into the Long Life was based on a ballad about the heroic deeds of Csanád—Ajtony's former commander-in-chief—because a shorter version of Bishop Gerard of Csanád's life does not mention Ajtony.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Most historians agree that the ballad was composed shortly after Ajtony's death.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In addition to the Long Life, Ajtony is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum;Шаблон:Sfn the Hungarian chronicle was written after around 1150.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Gesta, Ajtony was descended from Glad (in the same source, lord of the Banat); however, its credibility is questioned.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In a 1499 sermon the Franciscan Osvát Laskai wroteШаблон:Sfn that Ajtony was from the Nyírség region, but no evidence exists to indicate that Laskai knew his place of birth.Шаблон:Sfn

Ajtony's name, recorded in the earliest sources as "Ohtun" or "Achtum", is of Turkic origin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to linguist Loránd Benkő, his name is rooted in the Turkic word for golden (altun) and changed in Hungarian.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Place names also echo his name; an abbey named Ahtunmonustura (Ajtony's monastery) existed in Csanád County and a village (Ahthon) in Krassó County, and a settlement named Aiton exists in Romania.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

According to the Long Life, Ajtony's seat was a stronghold on the Mureș (urbs Morisena).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His realm extended from the Criș in the north to the Danube in the south, and from the Tisza in the west to Transylvania in the east.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ajtony was a wealthy ruler who owned horses, cattle and sheep,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and was powerful enough to establish customs offices and guards along the Mureș and tax salt carried to Stephen I of Hungary on the river.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Originally a pagan, Ajtony was baptised according to the Greek rite in Vidin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Shortly after his baptism, he established a monastery for Greek monks at his seat which was dedicated to John the Baptist.Шаблон:Sfn Ajtony remained polygamous, with seven wives after his baptism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the Long Life Ajtony "had taken his power from the Greeks",Шаблон:Sfn suggesting that he accepted the Byzantine emperor's suzerainty.Шаблон:Sfn

Ajtony's commander-in-chief was Csanád, described in the Gesta Hungarorum as the "son of Doboka and nephew"[3] of King Stephen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Accused of conspiring against Ajtony, Csanád fled to Stephen; the king prepared to conquer Ajtony's realm,Шаблон:Sfn placing Csanád at the head of a large army.Шаблон:Sfn After crossing the Tisza, the royal army engaged Ajtony's troops but was forced to withdraw.Шаблон:Sfn In a second battle, Stephen's army routed Ajtony's troops near modern Banatsko Aranđelovo or at Tomnatic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Csanád killed Ajtony, either on the battlefield (according to the Long Life) or in his stronghold on the Mureș (according to the Gesta Hungarorum).[4] In the Long Life Csanád cut out Ajtony's tongue after his death, enabling him to prove that he had killed Ajtony (and exposing Gyula, who had taken credit for the deed in Stephen's presence).[4] Archaeologist István Erdélyi said that the Treasure of Sânnicolau Mare, excavated near Ajtony's seat, was connected to the ruler; however, his view has not been universally accepted by scholars.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

King Stephen granted large estates to Csanád in the lands Ajtony had ruled.Шаблон:Sfn Ajtony's stronghold, now known as Cenad (Шаблон:Lang-hu), was named for Stephen's commander.Шаблон:Sfn The king also appointed Csanád the head (or ispán) of the county made up of Ajtony's former realm.Шаблон:Sfn Stephen established a Roman Catholic diocese in Cenad,Шаблон:Sfn with the Venetian monk Gerard its first bishop.Шаблон:Sfn The Greek monks from Cenad were transferred to a new monastery built by Csanád at Banatsko Aranđelovo.Шаблон:Sfn Ajtony's descendants owned land in the region, indicating that King Stephen had not confiscated all of his predecessor's domain.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:AnchorIn modern historiography

Ajtony's ethnicity is debated.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Paul Stephenson described him as a Magyar chieftain;Шаблон:Sfn according to historian László Makkai, he was of Kabar origin[4] and his Turkic name may imply that he was a Pecheneg.Шаблон:Sfn According to historian Florin Curta he could be Bulgar, Khazar or Pecheneg.Шаблон:Sfn In Romanian historiography, Ajtony has been considered the last member of a "native" dynasty descended from Glad, who is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as opposing the invading Hungarians,Шаблон:Sfn historian Alexandru Madgearu wrote that the Latin name of Ajtony's seat (urbs Morisena) preserved a Romanian form.Шаблон:Sfn

The date of Ajtony's conquest is also uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn His close contacts with the Byzantine Empire, including his "Greek rite" baptism in Vidin, show that he ruled after the Byzantine Emperor Basil II seized Vidin from the Bulgarians in 1002.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The conflict between Ajtony and King Stephen must have occurred before the king appointed Gerard the first bishop of Csanád in 1030.Шаблон:Sfn Alexandru Madgearu, who called Ajtony an ally of Samuel of Bulgaria rather than Emperor Basil II, wrote that Stephen I's army occupied Ajtony's realm in parallel with Basil II's 1002 conquest of Vidin.Шаблон:Sfn Makkai placed the conquest of Ajtony's realm in 1008.[4] According to Pop, Stephen I decided to invade the Banat after a 1027 Pecheneg raid on the Byzantine Empire and Emperor Constantine VIII's death the following year.Шаблон:Sfn Pop also writes that Ajtony's former duchy was not fully incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary until the 13th century because frequent internal conflicts had enabled the Romanians to preserve their idea of a "Romanian country".Шаблон:Sfn Curta rejected the Long Life account of Ajtony altogether, calling it a "family legend" from a 14th-century hagiography.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

See also

References

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Sources

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  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057 (Translated by John Wortley with Introductions by Jean-Claude Cheynet and Bernad Flusin and Notes by Jean-Claude Cheynet) (2010). Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN.

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Further reading

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External links

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  1. ↑ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 40), pp. 177–179.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057 (ch. 9.5), p. 231.
  3. ↑ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 11.), p. 33.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite web
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