Английская Википедия:Akatek language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Akatek is a Mayan language spoken by the Akateko people primarily in the Huehuetenango Department, Guatemala in and around the municipalities of Concepción Huista, Nentón, San Miguel Acatán, San Rafael La Independencia and San Sebastián Coatán.[1] A number of speakers also live in Chiapas, Mexico. It is a living language with 58,600 speakers in 1998, of which 48,500 live in Guatemala and the remaining in Mexico.[2] Alternate spellings for the language include Akatec, Akateko, and Akateco.
Akateko stems from the Q'anjob'alan branch, making it closely related to Q’anjob’al and Chuj.[3]
History
Akateko was regarded as a dialect of the Qʼanjobʼal language until the 1970s, when linguists realized that it has a distinct grammar from that of Qʼanjobʼal.[4] That it has been thought a dialect of Qʼanjobʼal is reflected in the many names Akateko has had through time. One of its primary names before it was named Akateko was Ti Western Qʼanjobʼal, but it has also been called Conob and various names including Qʼanjobʼal and the municipality where it is spoken.
Akateko is closely related to the two Mayan languages, Qʼanjobʼal and Jakaltek. The three languages together form the Qʼanjobʼal-Jakaltek sub-branch, which together with the Mochoʼ language form the Qʼanjobʼalan sub-branch, which again, together with the Chujean languages, Chuj and Tojolabʼal, form the branch Qʼanjobalan–Chujean. It is believed that Qʼanjobʼal–Jakaltek split into Akateko, Qʼanjobʼal and Jakaltek some 500 to 1,500 years ago.Шаблон:Citation needed
Classifiers in Akatek
Akateko, Q’anjob’al and Chuj all utilize similar classifiers to organize nouns. Nouns are divided into three categories: humans, animals and inanimate objects and there is no generic classifier. [3][5]
Akatek has 14 nominal classifiers. [5]
Grammar
An interesting aspect of Akateko grammar, which is also present in most other Qʼanjobalan languages, is the use of directional morphemes, which appear as enclitics. These morphemes make it possible for the speaker to talk about movement and direction in space without pointing or using other gestures. Consider the stative verb Шаблон:IPA to be, which can appear as Шаблон:IPA existing inwards, Шаблон:IPA existing towards there, away from the speaker and listener and Шаблон:IPA existing from the inside out, using different enclitics.
Standard verb roots are classified in multiple categories at once.[6]
Phonology
Vowels
Akatek has 5 vowels:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Close-mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link | |
Vowel length is distinctive, so one can say that the total number of vowels is 10. These long vowels are a unique and recent sound change from Q'anjob'al.[7]
Consonants
Akatek has 24 consonants, including the glottal stop:
Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA word-finally, Шаблон:IPA everywhere else.
- Examples: pom Шаблон:IPA copal, xopan Шаблон:IPA hollow, sip Шаблон:IPA tick
Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA word-finally, Шаблон:IPA everywhere else.
- Examples: kaapʼ Шаблон:IPA two, mooke Шаблон:IPA tinaja, chʼok Шаблон:IPA zanate
Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA before plosive consonants, Шаблон:IPA everywhere else.
- Examples: teʼ Шаблон:IPA tree, satkan Шаблон:IPA sky, pʼit Шаблон:IPA song
Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA word-finally, Шаблон:IPA everywhere else.
- Examples: kaapʼ Шаблон:IPA two, pʼeyʼpʼal Шаблон:IPA the walking (thing)
Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA word-initially, Шаблон:IPA everywhere else.
- Examples: xos Шаблон:IPA egg, ajane Шаблон:IPA foot
Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, but Шаблон:IPA before alveolar and velar consonants, Шаблон:IPA everywhere else.
- Examples: Examples: inpʼit Шаблон:IPA my song, ante Шаблон:IPA to cure, naa Шаблон:IPA house
References
Шаблон:ReflistШаблон:Languages of MexicoШаблон:Languages of Guatemala Шаблон:Mayan languages
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