Английская Википедия:Akkala Sámi
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Akkala Sámi, also referred to, particularly in Russia, as Babin Sámi (Шаблон:Lang-ru), was a Sámi language spoken in the Sámi villages of Aʼkkel (Шаблон:Lang-ru; Шаблон:Lang-fi), Čuʼkksuâl (Шаблон:Lang-ru) and Sââʼrvesjäuʼrr (Шаблон:Lang-ru; Шаблон:Lang-fi), in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Formerly erroneouslyШаблон:According to whom regarded as a dialect of Kildin Sámi, it has recentlyШаблон:When become recognized as an independent Sámi language that is most closely related to its western neighbor Skolt Sámi.Шаблон:Cn
Akkala Sámi was noted as extinct in the 2010 UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Previously, it had been considered the most endangered Eastern Sámi language. On December 29, 2003, Maria SerginaШаблон:Sndthe last fluent native speaker of Akkala SámiШаблон:Snddied.[1][2] However, as of 2011 there were at least two people, both aged 70, with some knowledge of Akkala Sámi. Remaining ethnic Akkala Sámi live in the village Yona.[3]
Although there exists a description of Akkala Sámi phonology and morphology, a few published texts, and archived audio recordings,[3] the Akkala Sámi language remains among the most poorly documented Sámi languages.[3] One of the few items in the language are chapters 23–28 of the Gospel of Matthew published in 1897. It was translated by A. Genetz, and printed at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society.Шаблон:Cn
In the Russian 2020 census, 1 person still claimed knowledge of Akkala.[4]
A-1 Aʼkkel (Russian Babinsky, Finnish Akkala)
A-2 Čuʼkksuâl (Russian Ekostrovsky)
A-3 Yona
A-4 Sââʼrvesjäuʼrr (Russian Girvasozero, Finnish Hirvasjärvi)
Morphology
The following overview is based on Pekka (Pyotr) M. Zaykov's volume.[5] Zaykov's Uralic phonetic transcription is retained here. The middle dot ˑ denotes palatalization of the preceding consonant, analyzed by Zaykov as semisoft pronunciation.
Noun
Akkala Sámi has eight cases, singular and plural: nominative, genitive-accusative, partitive, dative-illative, locative, essive, comitative and abessive. Case and number are expressed by a combination of endings and consonant gradation:
- Nominative: no marker in the singular, weak grade in the plural.
- Genitive-accusative: weak grade in the singular, weak grade + -i in the plural.
- Partitive: this case exists only in the singular, and has the ending -Шаблон:Not a typo.
- Dative-illative: strong grade + -a, -a͕ or -ɛ in the singular, weak grade + -i in the plural.
- Locative: weak grade + -st, -śtˑ in the singular, weak grade + -nˑ in the plural.
- Essive: this case exists only in the singular: strong grade + -nˑ.
- Comitative: weak grade + -nˑ in the singular, strong grade + -Шаблон:Not a typo, -Шаблон:Not a typo or -Шаблон:Not a typo in the plural.
- Abessive: weak grade + -ta in the singular.
Pronoun
The table below gives the declension of the personal pronouns Шаблон:Lang ‘I’ and Шаблон:Lang ‘we’. The pronouns Шаблон:Lang ‘you (sg.)’ and Шаблон:Lang ‘(s)he’ are declined like Шаблон:Lang, the pronouns Шаблон:Lang ‘you (pl.)’ and Шаблон:Lang ‘they’ are declined like Шаблон:Lang.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Genitive-Accusative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Essive | Шаблон:Lang | --- |
| Dative-illative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Locative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Comitative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Abessive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
The interrogative pronouns Шаблон:Lang ‘what?’ and Шаблон:Lang ‘who?’ are declined as follows:
| Шаблон:Lang ‘what?’ | Шаблон:Lang ‘who?’ | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Genitive-Accusative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Dative-illative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Locative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Comitative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Abessive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
The proximal demonstrative Шаблон:Lang ‘this’ and the medial demonstrative Шаблон:Lang ‘that’ are declined as follows:
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Genitive-Accusative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Essive | Шаблон:Lang | --- | Шаблон:Lang | --- |
| Dative-illative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Locative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Comitative | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Abessive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Verb
Akkala Sámi verbs have three persons and two numbers, singular and plural. There are three moods: indicative, imperative and conditional; the potential mood has disappeared. Below, the paradigm of the verbs Шаблон:Lang ‘to walk’ and Шаблон:Lang ‘to knit’ is given in the present and imperfect tense:
| Present | Imperfect | Present | Imperfect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2sg. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3sg. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1pl. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2pl. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3pl. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
The verb Шаблон:Lang ‘to be’ conjugates as follows:
| Present | Imperfect | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2sg. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3sg. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1pl. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2pl. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3pl. | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Compound tenses such as perfect and pluperfect are formed with the verb Шаблон:Lang in the present or imperfect as auxiliary, and the participle of the main verb. Examples are Шаблон:Lang ‘I have known’ from Шаблон:Lang ‘to know’, and Шаблон:Lang ‘(s)he had made’ from Шаблон:Lang ‘to make’.
The conditional mood has the marker -č, which is added to the weak grade of the stem: Шаблон:Lang ‘I would sew’, Шаблон:Lang ‘you (sg.) would become tired’.
As in other Sámi languages, Akkala Sámi makes use of a negative verb that conjugates according to person and number, while the main verb remains unchanged. The conjugation of the negative verb is shown here together with the verb Шаблон:Lang ‘to begin’:
| 1sg. | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2sg. | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3sg. | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1pl. | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2pl. | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3pl. | Шаблон:Lang |
The third person singular and plural of the verb Шаблон:Lang ‘to be’ have special contracted forms Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.
References
External links
- Шаблон:Commons category inline
- KOLTAN- JA KUOLANLAPIN SANAKIRJA (Kola Sámi dictionary, includes Akkala)
Шаблон:Uralic languages Шаблон:Sámi journalism Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Rantala, Leif, Aleftina Sergina 2009. Áhkkila sápmelaččat. Oanehis muitalus sámejoavkku birra, man maŋimuš sámegielalaš olmmoš jámii 29.12.2003. Roavvenjárga.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Зайков, П. М. Бабинский диалект саамского языка (фонолого-морфологическое исследование). Петрозаводск: «Карелия», 1987.
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