Английская Википедия:Al-Asmaʿi

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox scholar

Al-Asmaʿi (Шаблон:Lang, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Qurayb al-Aṣmaʿī ; Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Circa-828/833 CE), or Asmai; an early philologist and one of three leading Arabic grammarians of the Basra school.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Celebrated at the court of the Abbasid caliph, Hārūn al-Rashīd, as polymath and prolific author on philology, poetry, genealogy, and natural science, he pioneered zoology studies Шаблон:Sfn in animal-human anatomical science. He compiled an important poetry anthology, the Asma'iyyat, and was credited with composing an epic on the life of Antarah ibn Shaddad.Шаблон:Citation needed A protégé of Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi and Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala', he was a contemporary and rival of Abū ʿUbaidah and Sibawayhi also of the Basran school.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Ibn Isḥaq al-Nadīm's c.10th biography of al-Aṣma’ī follows the “isnad” narrative or ‘chain-of-transmission’ tradition. Al-Nadīm reports Abū ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muqlah's written report Шаблон:Refn of Tha’lab's report,Шаблон:Sfn giving Al-Aṣma’ī‘s full name as ’’‘Abd al-Malik ibn Qurayb ibn ‘Abd al-Malik ibn ‘Ali ibn Aṣma’ī ibn Muẓahhir ibn ‘Amr ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Bāhilī.’’’

The celebrated c.13th biographer Ibn Khallikān calls al-Aṣmaʿī “a complete master of the Arabic language,” and “the most eminent of all transmitters of the oral history and rare expressions of the language.”.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His account includes collected anecdotes of numerous adventures.

Biography

His father was Qurayb Abū Bakr from ‘Āṣim and his son was Sa’īd. He belonged to the family of the celebrated poet Abū ‘Uyaynah al-Muhallabī.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfn Al-Aṣma’ī was descended from AdnānШаблон:Sfn and the tribe of Bahila.Шаблон:Sfn The governor of Basra brought him to the notice of the caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who made him tutor to his sons, Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun.Шаблон:Sfn It was said Al-Rashid was an insomniac, and that he once held an all-night discussion with al-Asmaʿi on pre-Islamic and early Arabic poetry.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Aṣma’ī was popular with the influential Barmakid viziers Шаблон:Sfn and acquired wealth as a property owner in Basra.Шаблон:Sfn Some of his protégés attained high rank as literary men.Шаблон:Sfn Among his students was the noted musician Ishaq al-Mawsili.[1]

His ambitious aim to catalogue the complete Arabic language in its purest form, led to a period he spent roaming with desert Bedouin tribes, observing and recording their speech patterns.Шаблон:Sfn

Rivalry between Al-Aṣma’ī and Abū ‘Ubaida

His great critic Abū ʿUbaida was a member of the Shu'ubiyya movement, a chiefly Persian cultural movement. Al-Aṣma’ī, as an Arab nationalist and champion of the Arabic language, rejected foreign linguistic and literary influences.

Al-Nadīm cites a report of Abū ‘Ubaida that al-Aṣma’ī claimed his father travelled on a horse of Salm ibn Qutaybah.Шаблон:Refn Abū ‘Ubaida had exclaimed,

“Praise be to Allāh and thanks to Allāh, for Allāh is greater [than His creatures]. One boasting of what he does not own is like a person wearing a false robe and, by Allāh the father of al-Aṣma’ī never owned any animal other than the one inside of his robe!"

Ubaida’s reference here to al-Asma’ī’s father seems to relate to the story given by Khallikān about al-Asma’ī’s grandfather, Alī ibn Asmā, who had lost his fingers in punishment for theft.Шаблон:Sfn

A corollary to 'Ubaida’s anecdote is related by Khallikān, that once al-Faḍl Ibn Rabī, the vizier to caliph al-Rashid, had brought forth his horse and asked both Al-Aṣma’ī and Abū 'Ubaida (who had written extensively on the horse) to identify each part of its anatomy. Abū 'Ubaida excused himself from the challenge, saying that he was an expert on Bedouin culture not a farrier; When al-Aṣma’ī then grabbed the horse by the mane, named each part of its body while, at the same time, reciting the Bedouin verses that authenticated each term as proper to the Arabic lexicon, Al-Faḍl had rewarded him the horse. Whenever after this, Aṣma’ī visited Ubaida he rode his horse. Шаблон:Sfn Al-Aṣma’ī, was a perennial bachelor and when Yahya, a Barmakid vizier of the caliph, presented him with the gift of a slave girl, the girl was so repulsed by Al-Aṣma’ī's appearance, Yahya bought her back.Шаблон:Sfn

Shaykh Abū Sa’īd reported that Abū al-‘Abbas al-Mubarrad had said al-Aṣma’ī and Abū ‘Ubaida were equal in poetry and rhetoric, but where Abū ‘Ubaida excelled in genealogy, al-Aṣma’ī excelled in grammar – “al-Aṣma’ī, [like] a nightingale [would] charm them with his melodies”Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Aṣma’ī died, aged 88 yearsШаблон:Sfn in BaṣraШаблон:Refn, ca. 213/828 - 217/832,Шаблон:Sfn in the company of the blind poet and satirist Abū al-‘Aynā'.Шаблон:Refn His funeral prayers were said by his nephew and poet ‘Abd al-Raḥmān:Шаблон:Refn "To Allāh we belong and to Him we return."Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfn

WorksШаблон:Refn

Al-Aṣma’ī's magnum opus Asma'iyyat, is a unique primary source of early Arabic poetry and was collected and republished in the modern era, by the German orientalist Wilhelm Ahlwardt.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Sayyid Muʻaẓẓam Ḥusain's English translation of selected poems taken from both the Aṣma’īyyat and Mufaddaliyyat- the larger important source of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry- is available online.Шаблон:Sfn Most other existing collections were compiled by al-Aṣma’ī's students based on the principles he taught.Шаблон:Sfn

Of al-Aṣma’ī's prose works listed in the Fihrist about half a dozen are extant. These include the Book of Distinction, the Book of the Wild Animals, the Book of the Horse, and the Book of the Sheep, and Fuḥūlat al-Shu‘arā a pioneering work of Arabic literary criticism.Шаблон:Sfn

Contribution to Early Arabic Literature

Al-Aṣma’ī was among a group of scholars who edited and recited the Pre-lslāmic and Islāmic poets of the Arab tribes up to the era of the Banū al-‘AbbāsШаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfn

He memorised thousands of verses of rajaz poetryШаблон:Sfn and edited a substantial portion of the canon of Arab poets, but produced little poetry of his own. .Шаблон:Sfn He met criticism for neglecting the ‘rare forms’ (nawādir - Шаблон:Lang) and lack of care in his abridgments.Шаблон:Refn

List of Edited PoetsШаблон:Refn

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Arabic literature Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
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