Английская Википедия:Al-Battani

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Lowercase title Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox academic Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-BattānīШаблон:Refn (Шаблон:Lang-ar), usually called al-Battānī, a name that was in the past Latinized as Albategnius,Шаблон:Refn (before 858Шаблон:Snd929) was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician, who lived and worked for most of his life at Raqqa, now in Syria. He is considered to be the greatest and most famous of the astronomers of the medieval Islamic world.

Al-Battānī's writings became instrumental in the development of science and astronomy in the west. His Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Circa), is the earliest extant Шаблон:Transliteration (astronomical table) made in the Ptolemaic tradition that is hardly influenced by Hindu or Sasanian astronomy. Al-Battānī refined and corrected Ptolemy's Almagest, but also included new ideas and astronomical tables of his own. A handwritten Latin version by the Italian astronomer Plato Tiburtinus was produced between 1134 and 1138, through which medieval astronomers became familiar with al-Battānī. In 1537, a Latin translation of the Шаблон:Transliteration was printed in Nuremberg. An annotated version, also in Latin, published in three separate volumes between 1899 and 1907 by the Italian Orientalist Carlo Alfonso Nallino, provided the foundation of the modern study of medieval Islamic astronomy.

Al-Battānī's observations of the Sun led him to understand the nature of annular solar eclipses. He accurately calculated the Earth's obliquity (the angle between the planes of the equator and the ecliptic), the solar year, and the equinoxes (obtaining a value for the precession of the equinoxes of one degree in 66 years). The accuracy of his data encouraged Nicolaus Copernicus to pursue ideas about the heliocentric nature of the cosmos. Al-Battānī's tables were used by the German mathematician Christopher Clavius in reforming the Julian calendar, and the astronomers Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei and Edmund Halley all used Al-Battānī's observations.

Al-Battānī introduced the use of sines and tangents in geometrical calculations, replacing the geometrical methods of the Greeks. Using trigonometry, he created an equation for finding the Шаблон:Transliteration (the direction which Muslims need to face during their prayers). His equation was widely used until superseded by more accurate methods, introduced a century later by the polymath al-Biruni.

Life

Al-Battānī, whose full name was Шаблон:Transliteration, and whose Latinized name was Шаблон:Transliteration, was born before 858 in Harran in Bilād ash-Shām (Islamic Syria), Шаблон:Convert southeast of the modern Turkish city of Urfa. He was the son of Jabir ibn Sinan al-Harrani, a maker of astronomical instruments.Шаблон:Sfn The epithet Шаблон:Transliteration suggests that his family belonged to the pagan Sabian sect of Harran,Шаблон:Sfn^[1] whose religion featured star worship, and who had inherited the Mesopotamian legacy of an interest in mathematics and astronomy.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn His contemporary, the polymath Thābit ibn Qurra, was also an adherent of Sabianism, which died out during the 11th century.Шаблон:Sfn

Although his ancestors were likely Sabians, al-Battānī was a Muslim, as shown by his first name.^[1] Between 877 and 918/19 he lived in Raqqa, now in north central Syria, which was an ancient Roman settlement beside the Euphrates, near Harran. During this period he also lived in Antioch,Шаблон:Sfn where he observed a solar and a lunar eclipse in 901. According to the Arab biographer Ibn al-Nadīm, the financial problems encountered by al-Battānī in old age forced him to move from Raqqa to Baghdad.Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Battānī died in 929 at Qasr al-Jiss,Шаблон:Sfn near Samarra, after returning from Baghdad where he had resolved an unfair taxation grievance on behalf of a clan from Raqqa.Шаблон:Sfn

Astronomy

Al-Battānī is considered to be the greatestШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and most famous of the known astronomers of the medieval Islamic world. He made more accurate observations of the night sky than any of his contemporaries,Шаблон:Sfn and was the first of a generation of new Islamic astronomers that followed the founding of the House of Wisdom in the 8th century.Шаблон:Sfn His meticulously described methods allowed others to assess his results, but some of his explanations about the movements of the planets were poorly written, and have mistakes.Шаблон:Sfn

Sometimes referred to as the "Ptolemy of the Arabs",Шаблон:Sfn al-Battānī's works reveal him to have been a devout believer in Ptolemy's geocentric model of the cosmos. He refined the observations found in Ptolemy's Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn and compiled new tables of the Sun and the Moon, previously long accepted as authoritative.^[1] Al-Battānī established his own observatory at Raqqa. He recommended that the astronomical instruments there were greater than Шаблон:Convert in size.Шаблон:Sfn Such instruments, being larger—and so having scales capable of measuring smaller values—were capable of greater precision than had previously been achieved.Шаблон:Sfn Some of his measurements were more accurate than those taken by the Polish astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus during the Renaissance. One reason for this is thought to be that al-Battānī's location for his observations at Raqqa was closer to the Earth's equator, so that the ecliptic and the Sun, being higher in the sky, were less susceptible to atmospheric refraction.^[1] The careful construction and alignment of his astronomical instruments enabled him to achieve an accuracy of observations of equinoxes and solstices that had previously been unknown.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Multiple image Al-Battānī was one of the first astronomers to observe that the distance between the Earth and the Sun varies during the year, which led him to understand the reason why annular solar eclipses occur.Шаблон:Sfn^[2]Шаблон:Sfn He saw that the position in the sky at which the angular diameter of the Sun appeared smallest was no longer located where Ptolemy had stated it should be,Шаблон:Sfn and that since Ptolemy's time, the longitudinal position of the apogee had increased by 16°47'.Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Battānī was an excellent observer.Шаблон:Sfn He improved Ptolemy's measurement of the obliquity of the ecliptic (the angle between the planes of the equator and the ecliptic),Шаблон:Sfn producing a value of 23° 35';^[1]Шаблон:Refn the accepted value is around 23°.44.^[3] Al-Battānī obtained the criterion for observation of the lunar crescent—i.e., if the longitude difference between the Moon and the Sun is greater than 13° 66˝ and the Moon's delay after sunset is more than 43.2 minutes, the crescent will be visible.Шаблон:Sfn His value for the solar year of 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, is 2 minutes and 22 seconds from the accepted value.^[1]

Al-Battānī observed changes in the direction of the Sun's apogee, as recorded by Ptolemy,Шаблон:Sfn and that as a result, the equation of time was subject to a slow cyclical variation.Шаблон:Sfn His careful measurements of when the March and September equinoxes took place allowed him to obtain a value for the precession of the equinoxes of 54.5" per year, or 1 degree in 66 years,^[1]Шаблон:Sfn a phenomenon that he realised was altering the Sun's annual apparent motion through the zodiac constellations.Шаблон:Sfn

It was impossible for al-Battānī, who adhered to the ideas of a stationary Earth and geocentricism, to understand the underlying scientific reasons for his observations or the importance of his discoveries.Шаблон:Sfn

Mathematics

Шаблон:Multiple image

One of al-Battani's greatest contributions was his introduction of the use of sines and tangents in geometrical calculations, especially spherical trigonometric functions, to replace Ptolemy's geometrical methods. Al-Battānī's methods involved some of the most complex mathematics developed up to that time.Шаблон:Sfn He was aware of the superiority of trigonometry over geometrical chords, and demonstrated awareness of a relation between the sides and angles of a spherical triangle, now given by the expression:Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Battānī produced a number of trigonometrical relationships:^[4]

<math>\tan \alpha = \frac{\sin \alpha}{\cos \alpha}</math>

<math>\sec \alpha = \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 \alpha }</math>, where <math>\sec \alpha = \frac{1}{\cos \alpha}</math>.

He also solved the equation

<math>\sin x = y\cos x</math>,

discovering the formula

Al-Battānī used the Iranian astronomer Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi's idea of tangents to develop equations for calculating and compiling tables of both tangents and cotangents. He discovered their reciprocal functions, the secant and cosecant, and produced the first table of cosecants for each degree from 1° to 90°, which he referred to as a "table of shadows", in reference to the shadow produced on a sundial.^[4]

Файл:Qibla diagram 2.svg

A geometrical representation of the method used by al-Battānī to determine the Шаблон:Transliteration, shown as q from O (the observer) to M (Mecca)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn

Using these trigonometrical relationships, al-Battānī created an equation for finding the Шаблон:Lang, which Muslims face in each of the five prayers they practice every day.Шаблон:Sfn The equation he created did not give accurate directions, as it did not take into account the fact that Earth is a sphere. The relationship he used was precise enough only for a person located in (or close to) Mecca, but was still a widely used method at the time. Al-Battānī's equation for <math>q</math>, the angle of the direction of a place towards Mecca is given by:Шаблон:Sfn

<math>\tan q=\frac{\sin\Delta\lambda}{\sin\Delta\phi}</math>

where <math>\Delta\lambda</math> is the difference between the longitude of the place and Mecca, and <math>\Delta\phi</math> is the difference between the latitude of the place and Mecca.

Al-Battānī's equation was superseded a century after it was first used, when the polymath al-Biruni summarized several other methods to produce results that were more accurate than those that could be obtained using al-Battānī's equation.Шаблон:Sfn

A small work on trigonometry, Шаблон:Transliteration ("Summary of the principles for establishing sines") is known. Once attributed to the Iranian astronomer Kushyar Gilani by the German orientalist Carl Brockelmann, it is a fragment of al‐Battānī's Шаблон:Transliteration. The manuscript is extant in Istanbul as MS Carullah 1499/3. Шаблон:Sfn The authenticity of this work has been questioned, as scholars believe al-Battānī would have not have included Шаблон:Transliteration for "sines" in the title.Шаблон:Sfn

Works

Шаблон:Transliteration

Al-Battānī's Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, "Book of Astronomical Tables"), written in around 900, and also known as the Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang),Шаблон:Sfn is the earliest extant Шаблон:Transliteration made in the Ptolemaic tradition that is hardly influenced by Hindu or Sasanian–Iranian astronomy.Шаблон:Sfn It corrected mistakes made by Ptolemy and described instruments such as horizontal and vertical sundials, the triquetrum, the mural instrument,Шаблон:Sfn and a quadrant instrument.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn al‐Nadim wrote that al-Battānī's Шаблон:Transliteration existed in two different editions, "the second being better than the first".Шаблон:Sfn In the west, the work was sometimes called the Sabean Tables.Шаблон:Sfn

The work, consisting of 57 chapters and additional tables, is extant (in the manuscript árabe 908, held in El Escorial), copied in Al-Andalus during the 12th or 13th century. Incomplete copies exist in other western European libraries.Шаблон:Sfn Much of the book consists of instructions for using the attached tables. Al-Battānī used an Arabic translation of the Almagest made from Syriac, and used few foreign terms. He copied some data directly from Ptolemy's Handy Tables, but also produced his own. His star table of 880 used around half the stars found in the then 743-year-old Almagest. It was made by increasing Ptolemy's stellar longitudes, to allow for the different positions of the stars, now known to be caused by precession.Шаблон:Sfn

Other Шаблон:Transliteration based on Шаблон:Transliteration include those written by Kushyar Gilani, Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī, Abū Rashīd Dāneshī, and Ibn al-Kammad.Шаблон:Sfn

The first version in Latin from the Arabic was made by the English astronomer Robert of Ketton; this version is now lost.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A Latin edition was also produced by the Italian astronomer Plato Tiburtinus between 1134 and 1138.Шаблон:Sfn Medieval astronomers became quite familiar with al-Battānī through this translation, renamed Шаблон:Lang ("On stellar motion").Шаблон:Sfn It was also translated from Arabic into Spanish during the 13th century, under the orders of Alphonso X of Castile; a part of the manuscript is extant.Шаблон:Sfn

The Шаблон:Transliteration appears to have been widely used until the early 12th century. One 11th-century Шаблон:Transliteration, now lost, was compiled by al-Nasawī. That it was based on al-Battānī can be inferred from the matching values for the longitudes of the solar and planetary apogees. Al-Nasawī had as a young man written astronomical tables using data obtained from al-Battānī's Шаблон:Transliteration, but then discovered the data he used had been superseded by more accurately made calculations.^[5]

Файл:Al-Battani, Muhammad – De scientia stellarum frontispiece.jpg

The frontispiece of De scientia stellarum (Bologna, 1645)

The invention of movable type in 1436 made it possible for astronomical works to be circulated more widely, and a Latin translation of the Шаблон:Transliteration was printed in Nuremberg in 1537 by the astronomer Regiomontanus, which enabled Al-Battānī's observations to become accessible at the start of the scientific revolution in astronomy.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Transliteration was reprinted in Bologna in 1645;Шаблон:Sfn the original document is preserved at the Vatican Library in Rome.^[6]

The Latin translations, including the printed edition of 1537, made the Шаблон:Transliteration influential in the development of European astronomy.Шаблон:Sfn A chapter of the Шаблон:Transliteration also appeared as a separate work, Шаблон:Transliteration ("On the accurate determination of the quantities of conjunctions [according to the latitudes of the planets]").Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Battānī's work was published in three volumes, in 1899, 1903, and 1907, by the Italian Orientalist Carlo Alfonso Nallino,Шаблон:Sfn who gave it the title Шаблон:Lang. Nallino's edition, although in Latin, is the foundation of the modern study of medieval Islamic astronomy.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Transliteration

Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, “The book of the science of the ascensions of the signs of the zodiac in the spaces between the quadrants of the celestial sphere”)Шаблон:Sfn may have been about calculations relating to the zodiac. The work is mentioned in a work by Ibn al-Nadim, and is probably identical with chapter 55 of al-Battānī's Шаблон:Transliteration. It provided methods of calculation needed in the astrological problem of finding Шаблон:Transliteration (directio).Шаблон:Sfn

Other works

Шаблон:Transliteration ("On the astrological indications of conjunctions and eclipses") is a treatise on horoscopes and astrology in connection with conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter that occurred during the earliest period of Islam. The extant manuscript is held in the İsmail Saib Library at Ankara University.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, "Commentary on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos") is a commentary on the Шаблон:Transliteration in the version of Abu as-Salt. Al‐Battānī mentions two earlier treatises that are likely identical to two chapters of the Шаблон:Transliteration.^[7] It is extant in the manuscripts Berlin Spr. 1840 (Ahlwardt #5875) and Escorial árabe 969/2.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, "Four discourses") was a commentary on Ptolemy's Шаблон:Lang, known as the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The 10th-century encyclopedist Ibn Nadim in his Шаблон:Transliteration, lists al-Battānī among a number of authors of commentaries on this work.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn
Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, "Knowledge of the rising-places of the zodiacal signs").Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang), an astrological treatise on the four "quarters of the sphere".Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

Medieval period

The Шаблон:Transliteration was renowned by medieval Islamic astronomers; the Arab polymath al-Bīrūnī wrote Шаблон:Transliteration ("Elucidation of genius in al‐Battānī's Zīj"), now lost.Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Battānī's work was instrumental in the development of science and astronomy in the west.^[1] Once it became known, it was used by medieval European astronomers and during the Renaissance.Шаблон:Sfn He influenced Jewish rabbis and philosophers such as Abraham ibn Ezra and Gersonides.^[2] The 12th-century scholar Moses Maimonides, the intellectual leader of medieval Judaism, closely followed al-Battānī.Шаблон:Sfn Hebrew editions of the Шаблон:Transliteration were produced by the 12th-century Catalan astronomer Abraham bar Hiyya and the 14th-century French mathematician Immanuel Bonfils.Шаблон:Sfn

Copernicus referred to "al-Battani the Harranite" when discussing the orbits of Mercury and Venus. He compared to his own value for the sidereal year with those obtained by al-Battānī, Ptolemy and a value he attributed to the 9th-century scholar Thabit ibn Qurra.Шаблон:Sfn The accuracy of al-Battānī's observations encouraged Copernicus to pursue his ideas about the heliocentric nature of the cosmos,Шаблон:Sfn and in the book that initiated the Copernican Revolution, the Шаблон:Lang, al-Battānī is mentioned 23 times.Шаблон:Sfn

16th and 17th centuries

Al-Battānī's tables were used by the German mathematician Christopher Clavius in reforming the Julian calendar, leading to it being replaced by the Gregorian calendar in 1582.Шаблон:Sfn The astronomers Tycho Brahe, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei cited Al-Battānī or his observations.^[1] His almost exactly correct value obtained for the Sun's eccentricity is better than the values determined by both Copernicus and Brahe.Шаблон:Sfn

The lunar crater Albategnius was named in his honour during the 17th century. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized.Шаблон:Sfn

In the 1690s, the English physicist and astronomer Edmund Halley, using Plato Tiburtius's translation of al-Battānī's Шаблон:Transliteration, discovered that the Moon's speed was possibly increasing.Шаблон:Sfn Halley researched the location of Raqqa, where al-Battānī's observatory had been built, using the astronomer's calculations for the solar obliquity, the interval between successive autumnal equinoxes and several solar and lunar eclipses seen from Raqqa and Antioch. From this information, Halley derived the mean motion and position of the Moon for the years 881, 882, 883, 891, and 901. To interpret his results, Halley was dependent upon on knowing the location of Raqqa, which he was able to do once he had corrected the accepted value for the latitude of Aleppo.Шаблон:Sfn

18th century – present

Al-Battānī's observations of eclipses were used by the English astronomer Richard Dunthorne to determine a value for the increasing speed of the Moon in its orbit, he calculated that the lunar longitude was changing at a rate of 10 arcseconds per century.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Battānī's data is still used by geophysicists.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Versions of Шаблон:Transliteration

Шаблон:Transliteration manuscripts

Шаблон:Circa – Gerard of Abbeville Manuscript: Latin 16657 (Шаблон:Lang)
1376Шаблон:Ndash1475 – Manuscript:Vat.lat.3098 (Шаблон:Lang)
14th century – Manuscript Latin 7266 (Шаблон:Lang)

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.

Английская Википедия:Al-Battani

Содержание

Life

Astronomy

Mathematics

Works

Шаблон:Transliteration

Шаблон:Transliteration

Other works

Legacy

Medieval period

16th and 17th centuries

18th century – present

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Versions of Шаблон:Transliteration

Шаблон:Transliteration manuscripts

19th, 20th century publications

Further reading

Навигация

Действия на странице

Действия на странице

Персональные инструменты

Навигация

Поиск

Инструменты