Английская Википедия:Al-Fayez
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox family
The House of Fayez (Arabic: الفايز or, colloquially: Al-Fayez, Alfayez, Al Fayez, Al Faiz, Al Fayiz) is a noble sheikhly Jordanian family that heads the major Jordanian clan Bani Sakher. The family's influence and prominence in the region was at its ultimate under Fendi Al-Fayez, who led the family in the 1840s and gradually became the leader of the entire Bani Sakher.[1] Fendi would rule large parts of Jordan and Palestine, including the ancient Kingdoms of Moab and Ammon, and parts of modern-day Saudi Arabia until the late 1860s when a series of battles with the Ottoman Empire decreased the family's resources and claimed a portion of its holdings. After Fendi, his young son Sattam led the tribe in a push to cultivate the lands and live a more sedentary lifestyle, then under Mithqal Alfayez as a permanent political power in modern Jordan.[2] The family was the largest owner of land in Jordan and owned portions of modern day Palestine, and Mithqal was the single largest owner of private land in the kingdom in 1922.[3] The Al-Fayez family is active in Jordanian and Arabian politics and is currently headed by former Prime Minister Faisal Al-Fayez.
History
The Al-Fayez family came from the Bani Sakher tribe that originated from the Arabian Banu Tayy Tribe which itself originated from the Qahtanites in Yemen, and the Bani Sakher were first mentioned in text in the 15th century AD.[4] The origin of the name is from the progenitor of the house, Fayez bin Fadel Al-Tayy. Fayez is derived from the Arabic word Fa'iz, meaning "Victorious" in Arabic. The Bani Sakher Tribe was separated from Banu Tayy during that time as they migrated north to modern day Jordan, and then the Fayez were further distinguished after multiple successful leaders from the family and furthermore the lineage of Fayez Al-Tayy.
The family was briefly split in 1879 when Emir Fendi died of illness on his way back from Nablus. During that time, half of his eight remaining sons allied with the Adwan tribe who were Bani Sakher's adversaries, and the other half under Sheikh Satm allied with the Anazah tribe. In May of 1881 Sheikh Satm was killed in a skirmish with the Adwan, leading to the reunification of the tribe by Sattam bin Fendi in September 1881, to regain some of the influence that his father had on the area.[5] However those two years would prove to be a big loss for the Fayez family as they never recovered to the peak that they experienced under Fendi.
18th Century
In 1742, Sheikh Qa'dan Al-Fayez, the progenitor of the Qa'dan branch of the Al-Fayez family and the grandson of Fayez Al-Tay, was invited to support the Ottoman state in Sieging Tiberias. Although the siege was a failure, the Beni Sakher were still thanked by an invite from As'ad Pasha al-Azm to escort the Hajj Caravans. In 1757, the Ottoman state failed to pay the Beni Sakher for their services, this coupled with the drought of 1756 has led to the infamous raid in 1757 led by Qa'dan. The raid's casualties were in the tens of thousands, including Musa Pasha and the sister of the sultan.[6]
19th Century
In 1820, Fendi Al-Fayez led in battle for the first recorded time, and by mid century he was the paramount sheikh and revered throughout Arabia.
One of the most famous conflicts that they had was against the Majalli family in 1863 and was documented by the Italian explorer Carlo Claudio Camillo Guarmani in his book that Northern Nejd. The Al Tafilah villagers, who were subject to Mohammad Al-Majalli, paying yearly tributes to him, were discontented with the recent negligence of the Majalis in protecting the villagers. The Tafilah villagers were gathered by Abdullah Al-Huara, the chief of the Tafilah, and agreed to renounce vassalage and replace the tribute with an annual gift as homage instead. The Al-Majalli chief was discontent with this and was ready to force the Tafilah's to become their vassals again, but was stopped by the Bani Sakher headed by Fendi, where Fendi sent Shleesh Al-Bakhit Al-Fayez to ensure the contract between them where both parties comprised to avoid bloodshed.
However, in January 1864, Al-Majalli again decided to attack and announce himself the master of the Tafilah, and was met with an immediate declaration of war from Fendi himself. Shleesh Al-Bakhit was successful in leading an attack against Qoblan Al-Mkheisen who was appointed by Al-Majalli to oversee the Tafilah. Fendi shortly after sent 200 who met a force of 2000 riflemen on dromedaries. However, during the long standstill, the people of Al-Kerak were virtually under siege and were quickly running out of food and becoming increasingly ill-content, sensing this, Al-Majalli secretly went to Fendi in the night to personally declare his surrender to him and agreed to pay reparations to all those wronged in the conflict, including reinstating Al-Huara's son as the Chief of Al-Tafilah.[7]
In 1868, an Anglican missionary, F.A Klein, was accompanied by Sattam bin Fendi on Fendi's orders to show him the Mesha Stele, which was previously unknown to the western world. The stone has been dated to 840BC and described a war between the ancient Kingdom of Moab and the ancient Kingdom of Israel. Today the stone can be found in the Louvre Museum, Paris. [8]
20th Century
After Sattam's death in 1891, another succession crisis unfolded with Sattam's son Fayez bin Sattam vying to succeed his father, in opposition to his uncle Talal bin Fendi. Talal was eventually recognized as Sheikh of Sheikhs of the Beni Sakher. The Ottomans invited both Fayez and Talal to Istanbul to arbitrate a reconciliation which was successful. During his visit Talal was conferred the title of Pasha with a monthly salary and would later become Beylerbey. During his 18-year reign, Talal enjoyed friendly relations with the Ottomans his last years with strains over the construction of the Hijaz Railway which not only crossed through many of the family's private lands but would also destroy their income as protectors of Hajj Caravans and providers of camels and supplies. Talal negotiated with the Ottomans, where they agreed to keep paying for the Hajj Caravans, and also pay the tribe for the protection of the Hijaz Railway. By 1908, Talal stopped receiving payments from the Ottomans, and his trip to Damascus to complain coincided with the beginning of the Young Turk revolution.[9]
Talal would be succeeded by Fawaz bin Sattam in 1909, Mithqal's older brother. Fawaz who was recognized by the Ottomans as Sheikh of Shiekhs and would act as an official representative of the empire, would face a rebellious Mithqal who challenged Ottoman authority over cultivated fertile lands. By then, the new Ottoman administration was enacting new conscription laws that even included tribesmen. Mithqal's dropped his claim over the land after peaceful negotiations between the two parties and a settlement of 200 ewes to Mithqal. By 1913, Mithqal would act as Fawaz's right-hand man and military commander and would enjoy a portion of the leadership of the Beni Sakher.
After Fawaz's death in 1917, his son Mashour who was had a Damascene education would succeed his father. Mashour was recognized by the Ottomans as Sheikh of Shiekhs, and Mithqal who was older was compensated by the Ottomans by the title of Pasha to become the last real Pasha in Jordan with a title sanctioned by the Sultan. In 1920, Mashour was recognized as the Governor of Jiza and would serve in the position till his death in a inter tribal battle in 1921. Mithqal who welcomed then Abdullah bin Hussein in Jiza, was recognized as Sheikh of Sheikhs of the Beni Sakher in the new Emirate of Transjordan with no opposition.[10]
In 1923, during the Adwan rebellion, Mithqal Al-Fayez led the Beni Sakher against the Adwan and in full support of Emir Abdullah, with the result being the defeat of the Adwan forces with some taken as prisoners and exiled.
21st Century - present
In 2004, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez becomes the Prime Minister of Jordan, and later in 2005, also becomes the Head of the Royal Hashemite Court.
In 2005, H.E Eid Al-Fayez becomes Minister of Interior after the 2005 Amman Bombings and would serve until 2009.
In 2008, H.E Amer Talal Al-Fayez became the Head of Royal Protocol at the Royal Hashemite Court and would stay until 2018.
In 2010, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez is elected the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Jordan.
In 2012, H.E Sami Al-Fayez holds one of the largest tribal conferences in Jordanian history to reaffirm and cement the tribe's support towards the Hashemite Monarchy during the Arab Spring.
Later in 2012, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez becomes the undisputed Paramount Sheikh of the Beni Sakher after the passing of his uncle Sami.
In 2016, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez became the President of the Jordanian Senate, to become the first person in Jordan's history to have been PM, President of the Senate and the Representatives, and Head of the Royal Court.
In 2018, a tribal conflict between the Al-Fayez and a tribe from Madaba causes nationwide unrest [11] but is soon resolved by tribal leaders.
In 2020, H.E Amer Talal Al-Fayez became President and Chairman of Al Abdali.
In 2021, H.E Faisal Al-Fayez is re-elected as the President of the Jordanian Senate.
Role in the founding of Modern Jordan
The Al-Fayez are frequently described as being central to the stability of the Jordanian state and the core of the support for the Hashemite Dynasty.[12] Mithqal was one of the first shaykhs in 1921 to meet Abdullah bin Al-Hussein in Ma'an. After their meeting, Mithqal invited him to Amman to establish the Transjordanian emirate there which is why Amman is the capital of Jordan today rather than the much larger cities of As-Salt or Irbid at the time.
Shortly afterwards, the nascent Emirate of Transjordan faced to military threats from the Wahhabi's in 1922 to the 1923 Adwan rebellion. Mithqal is credited to be the chief factor in protecting the new state from both of these conflicts by rebranding his own army made of many of his tribesmen into the newly formed Arab Army. Faced with similar wahhabi threats, Nuri Al Sha'lan, whos son Nawwaf is married to Mithqal's sister Jawaher, sent a letter to Mithqal and Emir Abdullah for permission to enter the country from the east. Ultimately, Mithqal and the new army successfully defended the emirate, with King Faisal Al Saud noting that "if it wasn't for Beni Sakher, our borders would reach Palestine".[2]
In the conflicts and wars following the birth of the state, the Al-Fayez played a major role in protecting the state and it's sovereignty.
Heads of the House
The Al-Fayez have customarily chosen a head of the house (Sheikh), usually not conforming to the Bedouin custom of conferring the role to the eldest son (Albikir) of the current head, but rather to the most competent and capable person of a given generation in the family. For example, Sattam was Fendi's third son, and Mithqal was Sattam's sixth son, and Akef was Mithqal's fourth son.[2] Note that the head of the Al-Fayez, would also be the head or co-head (with the head of the House of Khraisha) of the Bani Sakher clan as the Al-Fayez are the leading house in the clan.
| Name | Title(s) | From | Until | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Fayez bin Fadel |
|
c1640s | -1680s | - |
| 2nd | Mouh bin Fayez |
|
c1680s | c1720s | Fayez's eldest son |
| 3rd | I'dbeys bin Mouh |
|
c1720s | -1750 | Mouh's eldest son |
| 4th | Qa'dan bin Mouh |
|
c1750 | c1758 | I'dbeys's younger brother |
| 5th | Mohammad bin Mouh |
|
c1758 | c1760s | Qa'dan's younger brother |
| 6th | Thiab bin Mohammad |
|
c1760s | c1780s | Mohammad's son |
| 7th | Awad bin Thiab |
|
c1780s | c1823 | Thiab's eldest son |
| 8th | ِAbbas Al-Fayez |
|
c1823 | c1835 | Son of Awad Al-Fayez |
| 9th | Fendi Al-Fayez | c1835 | 1879 | Son of Abbas Al-Fayez | |
| 10th | Satm Al-Fayez (Disputed with Sattam) |
|
1879 | May,1881 | Son of Fendi Al-Fayez |
| 11th | Sattam Al-Fayez | September,1881 | 1890 | Younger brother of Satm Al-Fayez | |
| 12th | Talal Al-Fayez |
|
1890 | 1909 | Brother of Sattam Al-Fayez |
| 13th | Fawaz Al-Fayez |
|
1909 | 1917 | Nephew of Talal Al-Fayez, son of Sattam Al-Fayez |
| 14th | Mashour Al-Fayez |
|
1917 | 30 April 1921 | Son of Fawaz Al-Fayez |
| 15th | Mithqal Al-Fayez | 31 April 1921 | 15 April 1967 | Mashour's uncle, son of Sattam Al-Fayez | |
| 16th | Akef Al-Fayez |
|
15 April 1967 | 8 April 1998 | Son of Mithqal Al-Fayez |
| 17th | Sami Al-Fayez | 8 April 1998 | 18 November 2012 | Brother of Akef Al-Fayez | |
| 18th | Faisal Al-Fayez |
|
18 November 2012 | present | Sami Al-Fayez's nephew and son of Akef Al-Fayez |
Notable Figures
17th Century:
- Fayez bin Fadel (Progenitor)
- Mouh bin Fayez
18th Century:
- Muhammad bin Mouh Al-Fayez
- Thiab bin Mohammad Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Thiab Branch
- Awad bin Thiab Al-Fayez (paramount Sheikh)
- Bakhit bin Thiab Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Bakhit Branch)
- Qa'dan bin Mouh Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Qa'dan Branch)
- I'dbeys bin Mouh Al-Fayez
- Nimer bin I'dbeys Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Nimer Branch)
- Mahmoud bin I'dbeys Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Mahmoud Branch)
- Abbas Awad Al-Fayez
- Hamed Qa'dan Al-Fayez
- Kin'eaan Qa'dan Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Kin'eaan Branch)
19th Century:
- H.G Fendi Al-Fayez
- H.G Sattam Al-Fayez (Emir and Tribal Chief)
- H.G Talal Fendi Al-Fayez (Beylerbey and Tribal Chief)
- Suleiman Awad Al-Fayez (Progenitor of the Abu-Jneib Branch)[16]
- Satm Fendi Al-Fayez (Tribal Chief)
- Sahan Fendi Al-Fayez (Judge)
- Eid Suleiman Al-Fayez
- Shleish Al Bakhit Al-Fayez
20th Century:
- H.G Mithqal Al Fayez (Tribal Chief, Politician, Commander-In-Fighting)[17]
- H.G Nawaf Sattam Al-Fayez (Emir)
- H.G Fawaz Sattam Al-Fayez (Emir and Tribal Chief)
- H.E Akef Al-Fayez (Tribal Chief and politician)
- Zaid Mithqal Al-Fayez (Senior Officer at the Prime Ministry)
- Mashour Fawaz Al-Fayez (Tribal Chief)
20th Century - present:
- H.E Faisal Al-Fayez (Prime Minister, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives)
- H.E Amer Al-Fayez (Chairman of Al-Abdali, Chief of Royal Protocol, Ministerial rank)[18]
- H.E Trad Al-Fayez (Minister of Agriculture, Ambassador, Senator)
- H.E Eid Al-Fayez (Minister of Interior, State, and Labor)
- H.E Nayef Al-Fayez (Minister of Tourism, Chief Commissioner of ASEZA, Chairman of Aqaba Development Corporation)[19]
- H.E Nayef Hayel Al-Fayez (Minister of Health, MP)
- H.E Daifallah Ali Al-Fayez (Ambassador of Jordan to the Netherlands and Estonia)[20]
- H.E Sami Al-Fayez (Tribal Chief and Senator)
- Tayil Al-Fayez (President of the Jordanian Olympic Club)
- Mohammad Enad Al-Fayez (MP)
- Alanoud Al-Fayez (ex-wife of King Abdullah)
- Hakem Al-Fayez (Politician)
- Thamer Al-Fayez (MP)
- Hind Al-Fayez (MP)
- Habis Sami Al-Fayez (MP) [21]
- Bassam Al-Fayez (MP)
See also
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Alon, Yoav. The Shaykh of Shaykhs: Mithqal Al-Fayiz and Tribal Leadership in Modern Jordan. Stanford University Press, 2016.
- ↑ Warriner, Land Reform, p.160.
- ↑ Peake, Pasha. A History of Jordan and Its Tribes. University of Miami Press, 1958.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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