Английская Википедия:Al-Qahir

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Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu'tadid (Шаблон:Lang-ar), usually known simply by his regnal title al-Qahir bi'llah (Шаблон:Lang-ar), was the nineteenth caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 932 to 934. He was born 286 AH (899 C.E.) and died 339 AH (950 C.E.).

Early life

Al-Qahir was a son of the 16th Abbasid caliph, al-Mu'tadid (Шаблон:Reign), and brother of the 18th Caliph, al-Muqtadir (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn The mother of al-Qahir was a concubine called Fitnah. (She was the mother of al-Mu'tadid's third son, al-Qahir). His full name was Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu'tadid al-Qahir bi'llah, and his Шаблон:Transliteration was Abu Mansur.

Rise to the throne

Al-Qahir came to the throne as part of his brother's conflict with the increasingly powerful commander-in-chief, Mu'nis al-Muzaffar.Шаблон:Sfn He was first chosen as Caliph in March 929,Шаблон:Sfn when Mu'nis launched a coup and deposed al-Muqtadir. Although al-Muqtadir was restored after a few days, Mu'nis now possessed virtually dictatorial authority over the Abbasid government.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 932, after another breach with al-Muqtadir, Mu'nis marched on Baghdad. Al-Muqtadir tried to confront him, and was killed in the ensuing battle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, in the subsequent assembly of dignitaries, Mu'nis' candidacy of al-Muqtadir's son Ahmad (the future al-Radi) was rejected in favour of al-Qahir (31 October 932).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was then 35 years old.Шаблон:Sfn

Caliphate

The new caliph had a pronounced "headstrong and vindictive personality", according to Dominique Sourdel, which made itself felt soon after his accession, when he tortured his brother's sons and officials, as well as al-Muqtadir's mother Shaghab, to extract their fortune.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was more energetic than his predecessor and cultivated an image of austerity and puritanism at his court, in deliberate contrast to the extravagantly dissolute life led by al-Muqtadir, but behind the scenes he too indulged in drunkenness.Шаблон:Sfn

Trying to counteract the influence of Mu'nis and of the vizier Ibn Muqla, who controlled government, and re-assert the power of his office,Шаблон:Sfn al-Qahir resumed contacts with the defeated court faction through Muhammad ibn Yaqut.Шаблон:Sfn This alarmed Mu'nis and his supporters, but they were too late. In July 933, al-Qahir struck: the plans of the chamberlain Ibn Yalbaq to depose him were thwarted, and he and Mu'nis were arrested and executed, while Ibn Muqla was forced to flee the capital.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Al-Qahir appointed Muhammad ibn al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah as vizier. Al-Qahir embarked on a firmly anti-Shi'a policy, declaring himself the "Avenger of the enemies of the Faith" (al-muntaqim min aʿdāʾ dīn Allāh), a slogan which he even put on his coins.Шаблон:Sfn Despite his support of the Caliph's anti-Shi'a policies, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was soon dismissed in favour of Ahmad al-Khasibi. Like his predecessor, however, al-Khasibi was unable to overcome the mounting financial crisis of the state.Шаблон:Sfn

The contemporary Baghdadi historian al-Mas'udi, in his Meadows of Gold, reports that "His fits of violence made him the fear and terror of his subjects". He went about armed with a lance, striking down those who displeased him. However, the very "inconstancy of his behaviour and the horror inspired by his rages" alienated the populace and the court alike, and prepared the ground for his downfall.Шаблон:Sfn

Downfall and death

The exiled vizier Ibn Muqla continued plotting against al-Qahir; he won over the caliphal guard, which on 24 April 934 staged a coup and took the Caliph prisoner while the latter was drunk.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Refusing to abdicate in favour of al-Radi (Шаблон:Reign), he was blinded and cast into prison.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to al-Mas'udi, al-Radi "kept news of him hidden", so that he vanished from common knowledge.Шаблон:Sfn He was not freed until eleven years later, when al-Mustakfi (Шаблон:Reign) came to the throne and discovered him locked away in a remote room in the palace.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He lived the remainder of his life as a beggar, dying in October 950.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Sources

• Шаблон:New Cambridge History of Islam
• Шаблон:EI2
• Шаблон:The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:EI2
• Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia