Английская Википедия:Al-Tirmidhi

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Muhammad ibn Isa (Шаблон:Lang-ar; Шаблон:Circa–October 892), commonly known by his nisba al-Tirmidhi (Шаблон:Lang-ar), was a 9th-century Islamic scholar and traditionalist who compiled the Шаблон:Transliteration, one of the Шаблон:Transliteration in Sunni Islam.

He also wrote Шаблон:Transliteration, a compilation of hadiths concerning the person and character of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. At-Tirmidhi was also well versed in Arabic grammar, favoring the school of Kufa over Basra due to the former's preservation of Arabic poetry as a primary source.[1]

Biography

Sources differ on al-Tirmidhi's year of birth, placing it 209, 210 or 211 AH, corresponding to 824/827 CE. He was born in the city of Tirmidh, from where he attained the Шаблон:Transliteration (demonym) Шаблон:Transliteration. His father's name was Isa though his grandfather's name is uncertain, with the names Sahl, Sawra and Yazid cited by sources. His grandfather originally belonged to Merv but moved to Tirmidh. Al-Tirmidhi was either of Arab or Persian ethnicity.[2][3]

His nasab (patronymic) has variously been given as:

He was also known by the laqab "ad-Darir" ("the Blind"). It has been said that he was born blind, but the majority of scholars agree that he became blind later in his life.[5][14]

At-Tirmidhi's grandfather was originally from Marw (Persian: Merv), but moved to Tirmidh.[5] His uncle was the famous Sufi Abu Bakr al-Warraq.[15] Al-Warraq was the teacher of Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi, a known associate of the famous theologian Abu Mansur Al-Matuiridi.Шаблон:Cn

Muhammad ibn `Isa at-Tirmidhi was born during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun.(Шаблон:Reign). His year of birth has been reported as 209 AH (824/825).[16][17][18] Adh-Dhahabi only states that at-Tirmidhi was born near the year 210 AH (825/826),[5] thus some sources give his year of birth as 210 AH.[4][19] Some sources indicate that he was born in Mecca (Siddiqi says he was born in Mecca in 206 AH (821/822))[20] while others say he was born in Tirmidh, in what is now southern Uzbekistan.[16] The stronger opinion is that he was born in Tirmidh.[5] Specifically, he was born in one of its suburbs, the village of Bugh (hence the nisbats "at-Tirmidhi" and "al-Bughi").[17][19][21][22]

At-Tirmidhi began the study of hadith at the age of 20. From the year 235 AH (849/850) he traveled widely in Khurasan, Iraq, and the Hijaz in order to collect hadith.[4][9][10] His teachers and those he narrated from included:

  • al-Bukhari[4][6][7][9][10][14][16][20]
  • Abū Rajā’ Qutaybah ibn Sa‘īd al-Balkhī al-Baghlāni[6][7][10][16]
  • ‘Alī ibn Ḥujr ibn Iyās as-Sa‘dī al-Marwazī[6][7][10][16]
  • Muḥammad ibn Bashshār al-Baṣrī[7][10][16]
  • ‘Abd Allāh ibn Mu‘āwiyah al-Jumaḥī al-Baṣrī[6]
  • Abū Muṣ‘ab az-Zuhrī al-Madanī[6]
  • Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mālik ibn Abī ash-Shawārib al-Umawī al-Baṣrī[6]
  • Ismā‘īl ibn Mūsá al-Fazārī al-Kūfi[6]
  • Muḥammad ibn Abī Ma‘shar as-Sindī al-Madanī[6]
  • Abū Kurayb Muḥammad ibn al-‘Alā’ al-Kūfī[6][10]
  • Hanād ibn al-Sarī al-Kūfī[6][10]
  • Ibrāhīm ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Harawī[6]
  • Suwayd ibn Naṣr ibn Suwayd al-Marwazī[6]
  • Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Baṣrī[10]
  • Zayd ibn Akhzam al-Baṣrī[14]
  • al-‘Abbās al-‘Anbarī al-Baṣrī[14]
  • Muḥammad ibn al-Muthanná al-Baṣrī[14]
  • Muḥammad ibn Ma‘mar al-Baṣrī[14]
  • ad-Darimi[10][16]
  • Muslim[14][16][20]
  • Abu Dawud[9][14][20]

At the time, Khurasan, at-Tirmidhi's native land, was a major center of learning, being home to a large number of muhaddiths. Other major centers of learning visited by at-Tirmidhi were the Iraqi cities of Kufa and Basra. At-Tirmidhi reported hadith from 42 Kufan teachers. In his Sahih al-Tirmidhi, he used more reports from Kufan teachers than from teachers of any other town.[14]

At-Tirmidhi was a pupil of al-Bukhari, who was based in Khurasan. Adh-Dhahabi wrote, "His knowledge of hadith came from al-Bukhari."[16] At-Tirmidhi mentioned al-Bukhari's name 114 times in his Sahih al-Tirmidhi. He used al-Bukhari's Kitab at-Tarikh as a source when mentioning discrepancies in the text of a hadith or its transmitters, and praised al-Bukhari as being the most knowledgeable person in Iraq or Khurasan in the science of discrepancies of hadith. When mentioning the rulings of jurists, he followed al-Bukhari's practice of not mentioning the name of Abu Hanifah. Because he never received a reliable chain of narrators to mention Abu Hanifa's decrees, he would instead attribute them to "some people of Kufa."[14] Al-Bukhari held at-Tirmidhi in high regard as well. He is reported to have told at-Tirmidhi, "I have profited more from you than you have from me," and in his Sahih he narrated two hadith from at-Tirmidhi.[14][16]

At-Tirmidhi also narrated some hadiths from Abu Dawud, and one from Muslim.[14] Muslim also narrated one hadith from at-Tirmidhi in his own Sahih.[16]

A.J. Wensinck mentions Ahmad ibn Hanbal as among at-Tirmidhi's teachers.[9][14] However, Hoosen states that according to the most reliable sources, at-Tirmidhi never went to Baghdad, nor did he attend any lectures of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Furthermore, at-Tirmidhi never directly narrates from Ahmad ibn Hanbal in his Sahih al-Tirmidhi.[14]

Several of at-Tirmidhi's teachers also taught al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah, and an-Nasa'i.

Writings

  • Sahih al-Tirmidhi[23][24]
  • Al-'Ilal as-Sughra
  • Az-Zuhd
  • Al-'Ilal al-Kubra
  • Ash-Shama'il an-Nabawiyya wa'l-Fada'il al-Mustafawiyya
  • Al-Asma' wa'l-Kuna
  • Kitab at-Tarikh

Death

At-Tirmidhi was blind in the last two years of his life, according to adh-Dhahabi.[10] His blindness is said to have been the consequence of excessive weeping, either due to fear of God or over the death of al-Bukhari.[4][5][10][14][16]

He died on Monday night, 13 Rajab 279 AH (Sunday night, 8 October 892)Шаблон:Efn in Bugh.[7][10][14]

At-Tirmidhi is buried on the outskirts of Sherobod, 60 kilometers north of Termez in Uzbekistan. In Termez he is locally known as Abu Isa at-Termezi or "Termez Ota" ("Father of Termez").[22]

Assessment and legacy

Al-Tirmidhi was accused of being a Jahmi heretic and was harshly criticized by some fanatic Hanbali followers, including Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311/923) in his Kitab al-Sunna (Book of the Prophetic Tradition), because he rejected a narration attributed to Mujahid ibn Jabr concerning the explanation of the verse 79 from Surat al-Isra' in the Qur'an about the praiseworthy station of Muhammad known as "al-Maqam al-Mahmud".[25][26][27]

The verse is: "And from [part of] the night, prayШаблон:Efn with it [i.e., recitation of the Qur’ān] as additional [worship] for you; it is expected thatШаблон:Efn your Lord will resurrect you to a praised station."Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Qref

The Hanbalites interpreted the Praiseworthy Station as the seating of Muhammad on the Throne next to God, despite the overall weakness of the narrations supporting it.[28]

Early Islam scholars

Шаблон:Islam scholars diagram

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wikiquote Шаблон:EB1911 Poster

Шаблон:People of Khorasan Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ "Sibawayh, His Kitab, and the Schools of Basra and Kufa." Taken from Changing Traditions: Al-Mubarrad's Refutation of Sībawayh and the Subsequent Reception of the Kitāb, p. 12. Volume 23 of Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Ed. Monique Bernards. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1997. Шаблон:ISBN
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cambridge History of Iran
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 6,13 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite wikisource
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  10. ↑ 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 10,11 10,12 Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,00 14,01 14,02 14,03 14,04 14,05 14,06 14,07 14,08 14,09 14,10 14,11 14,12 14,13 14,14 14,15 Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ 16,00 16,01 16,02 16,03 16,04 16,05 16,06 16,07 16,08 16,09 16,10 16,11 Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite journal Cited by Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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