Английская Википедия:Alba Roballo

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox person Alba Roballo (4 August 1908Шаблон:Spnd3 September 1996) was a Uruguayan lawyer, poet, and politician, who served three consecutive terms from 1958 to 1971 in the Senate of Uruguay and a fourth term in the early 1990s. After graduating with a law degree from the Universidad de la República in Montevideo, she began to write. In 1942, her first book, Se levanta el sol (The Sun Rises), won first prize from the Ministry of Education. Later she founded two journals, Mujer Batllista (Batllist Woman) and El Pregón (The Town Crier). In 1954 she became the first woman to sit on the Montevideo Departmental Council and was elected Senator for the Colorado Party. A prominent Afro-Uruguayan, she was the first woman in South America to serve as a cabinet minister, appointed in 1968; she resigned this post following authoritarian actions by the government. She was a founder of the Frente Amplio in 1971 and though she ran for re-election, that year she was defeated.

After the 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état, Roballo became the target of numerous raids by the authorities for her outspokenness against the military regime which ran the country until 1984. When the dictatorship ended, she unsuccessfully ran for a Senate seat. She continued to serve on the directorate of the Frente Amplio, introducing legislation projects for social improvement through 1993, when she briefly served in the Senate again. Roballo died in 1996, but has been remembered by many memorials throughout the country including stamps issued in her likeness, streets and colonies named after her, as well as plazas and cultural centers.

Early life and education

Alba Rosa Roballo Berón was born on 4 August 1908[Notes 1] in Isla Cabellos, Artigas Department, Uruguay, to Rosa Berón and Américo Roballo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her father was the town commissioner and her mother, a teacher, operated the Escuela Rural Nº 8 (Rural School Nº 8) out of their home.Шаблон:Sfn From birth, Roballo accompanied her mother to her work in the school, as did her seven siblings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her maternal great-grandfather was Шаблон:Ill, one-time governor of Corrientes Province in northern Argentina, while her father was Uruguayan of mixed heritage, which included native Charrúa and African ancestry.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

During her childhood, the family moved to Salto, Artigas, and Шаблон:Ill, where her mother had various teaching jobs and Roballo completed her primary education.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn An avid reader, from a young age she was a keen observer of the conditions affecting the people living around her and began to speak about alleviating poverty.Шаблон:Sfn She completed her secondary schooling at the Liceo No. 1 in Artigas and then furthered her education at the University of the Republic.Шаблон:Sfn She studied teaching, earned a degree in philosophy, and began her career teaching at the school her mother operated on Dr. Pablo de María Street in Montevideo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Continuing her education, Roballo enrolled in the male-dominated law school at the university.Шаблон:Sfn While still studying, she married Walter Previtali with whom she had a son, Sergio Previtali.Шаблон:Sfn She joined the Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Derecho (Student Federation of the University of Law) and was active in anti-fascist demonstrations in support of the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

When in 1933, Gabriel Terra orchestrated a coup d'état, Roballo participated in the occupation of the university in protest against the dictator.Шаблон:Sfn She joined the Colorado Party, led by Julio César Grauert and Baltasar Brum. When Brum committed suicide over the coup, Roballo delivered a funeral oration defending democracy to the large crowd which had gathered.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As the only woman participant, she joined the Agrupación Avanzar (Avanzar Group), a faction of the Colorado Party led by Grauert, which was staunchly anti-imperialist and socially progressive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As she was married, she was able to agitate in clubs and meeting places where other women would have been forbidden entry.Шаблон:Sfn During this period, she met many socialists and was exposed to the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.Шаблон:Sfn She identified as a Шаблон:Ill, but her husband was a communist.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1939, Roballo earned a law degree.Шаблон:Sfn

Career

Writing (1940–1992)

Roballo founded the magazine Mujer Batllista (Batllist Woman) in the early 1940s, which she used to put forward her political ideas.Шаблон:Sfn She published her first book of poems, Se levanta el sol (The Sun Rises), in 1942, which was honored by the Ministry of Public Instruction with first prize in the literary competition that year.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her written works, which were both prose and poetry, reflected her vigorous and rebellious spirit.Шаблон:Sfn In an "agonist" style, they explored her anxiety, pain, and fatigue with social conditions but also her deep love for her homeland.Шаблон:Sfn The themes in Roballo's written works echoed her public commitment to provide empathy, comfort, and motivation, but exposed the struggle and anguish that accompany sensitivity to the social environment and the challenges of life.Шаблон:Sfn For example, Tiempo de lobos (Time of Wolves, 1970) evaluates the climate of terror and suffering which occurred during the dictatorship.Шаблон:Sfn Her works were introduced abroad by Pablo Neruda, the Chilean poet and diplomat; Alfonso Reyes, the Mexican writer and philosopher; and César Tiempo, an Argentine screenwriter.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She also founded the weekly journal, El Pregón (The Proclamation),Шаблон:Sfn which became the mouthpiece for her political movement of the same name.Шаблон:Sfn Her literary output spanned her career, with her final publication, La casa del humo (The House of Smoke), in 1992.Шаблон:Sfn

Political career (1947–1971)

Roballo became chair of the Cajas de Asignaciones Familiares, Vicente (Family Allowance Fund, Vicente) in 1947.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Family Allowance Funds were established in Uruguay in 1943 to improve worker earnings and provide financial compensation to workers' families, especially those with children, who were experiencing hardship.Шаблон:Sfn From 1951 to 1954, she served as the vice president of the Caja de Jubilaciones (Pension Fund).Шаблон:Sfn In 1954, Roballo ran for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, but when she was defeated by only a small margin, President Luis Batlle appointed her to chair the Caja Rural (Rural Fund), which oversaw the distribution of pensions in the countryside.Шаблон:Sfn

At the same time, in 1954, she was elected as vice president of the Concejo Departamental de Montevideo (Montevideo Departmental Council), marking the first time a woman had served on the council and been involved in the leadership of the city government.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Roballo was dedicated to helping the most deprived and marginalized people in the country and often could be found at the Municipal Palace helping the cleaning staff after hours. She was also responsible for pushing for importation of the polio vaccine, which was successful in eradicating the disease in the capital.Шаблон:Sfn She served on the Municipal Council until 1959,Шаблон:Sfn and was known for introducing a plan to officially recognize the Шаблон:Ill (Calls Parade) at the opening of Carnival, establishing funeral services for the city's poor, and organizing the directorate of social services. She also organized many public works projects including paving roads, building tunnels and creating the first master plan for the development of the city.Шаблон:Sfn

Roballo was elected Senator in 1958, as the only woman serving at that time in the General Assembly.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was re-elected in 1962 and 1966.Шаблон:Sfn During her time in the Senate, she championed legislation directed at improving the lives of the poor and women.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the 1958 session, she authored Law No. 12.572, commonly known as the Ley Madre (Mother's Law) which granted paid leave for six weeks before and six weeks after pregnancy for working women or a state salary for women who were unemployed during their gestation period. The law was a landmark protection for women's rights.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She also worked on legislation to recognize unmarried partnerships, and measures to provide equal opportunities and limit exploitation of workers.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1968, Roballo was selected by President Jorge Pacheco as the Minister of Education and Culture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn With her appointment, she became the first woman to serve as a cabinet minister in Uruguay, as well as in South America.Шаблон:Sfn She had deep differences with Pacheco's administration, and after holding office from 3 May to 13 June, Roballo resigned her cabinet seat but not her position as a SenatorШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn on the day that Pacheco enacted emergency executive powers.Шаблон:Sfn He closed down parts of the press, censoring content for newspapers. He instituted emergency rules to arrest the leaders of trade unions and suppressed left-wing political groups, prohibiting public gatherings and expanding the authority of the police to intervene.Шаблон:Sfn On 14 August 1968 student demonstrators, including Líber Arce, Hugo de los Santos, and Susana Pintos were murdered by police.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn That day, Roballo decided to leave the Colorado Party and form her own political group, the Movimiento Pregón.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In the run-up to the 1971 election, Roballo united with Zelmar Michelini, a former member of the Colorado Party, and other leftist party members to form the new Frente Amplio (Broad Front) coalition.Шаблон:Sfn Though she had quit the Colorado Party, Roballo continued to follow Batllist ideology throughout her career. She claimed that she had to leave the party to save Batllism, bringing its tenets to the Frente Amplio.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among the founding members of Frente Amplio that year, candidates who had earlier been Batllists included Michelini, Roballo, Enrique Martínez Moreno, and Шаблон:Ill for the Senate; and Hugo Batalla and Sergio Previtali, Roballo's son, for Deputies.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Despite standing for re-election, Roballo was not returned to the Senate in 1971,[Notes 2] though the Frente Amplio unexpectedly succeeded with five Senators and 18 deputies winning seats in the coalition's first election.Шаблон:Sfn

Later career (1973–1993)

After the 1973 coup d'état, Roballo suffered persecution for her outspokenness against the military. Her home was raided several times during the 12-year dictatorship.Шаблон:Sfn In her early career, Roballo rarely acknowledged her African heritage, though she often was accompanied at rallies by Candombe drummers.Шаблон:Sfn Like other Afro-Uruguayans, she was referred to by the color of her skin and called La Negra Roballo, which she deemed pejorative.Шаблон:Sfn As she aged, Roballo began to be more open about her heritage and the discrimination she had faced as a woman, a black, and a left-leaning politician.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In describing herself, she said "Yo era la negra que le gustaba el vino, la que tenía costumbres difíciles y se juntaba con los negros del barrio Sur". (I was the black woman who liked wine, the one with difficult customs, and who met with blacks in the South Quarter.)Шаблон:Sfn

After perestroika policies were implemented to reform the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Roballo traveled to the USSR. Though skeptical that the country would be able to change, she concluded after her trip that because the Russians both revered their past but were critical of it, that they would succeed in merging their socialist past with a more global approach.Шаблон:Sfn When the dictatorship ended in 1984, Roballo again ran for the Senate as a candidate of the Шаблон:Ill (Independent Democratic Left) party, which was part of the Frente Amplio, but was defeated.Шаблон:Sfn She was able to continue her influence as part of the board of directors of the Frente Amplio through the early 1990s.Шаблон:Sfn Running in 1989, she was elected as an alternate senator for the Democracia Avanzada (Advanced Democracy) party.Шаблон:Sfn She returned to the Senate in 1993, serving for one last year.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Roballo died on 3 September 1996 in Montevideo.Шаблон:Sfn In tribute to her memory, one of the rooms in the Legislative Palace was named after her.Шаблон:Sfn In 2002, a commemoration was held in the Departmental Board of Montevideo which included eulogies by a number of board members, including Bertha Sanseverino.Шаблон:Sfn For International Women's Day 2010, she was honored in the Uruguayan postage stamp series Mujeres notables uruguayas (Notable Uruguayan Women).Шаблон:Sfn In 2012, a street in Artigas was named in her honor.Шаблон:Sfn A plaza in the Bella Italia neighborhood of Montevideo was named after her in 2015.Шаблон:Sfn In August 2019, Law 19781, which governs agrarian reforms, was modified to recognize that women had the right to acquire land and jointly hold title to it by renaming 16 colonies throughout the country after prominent women who had impacted development. The colony in the Artigas Department was named in honor of Roballo.Шаблон:Sfn In 2020, a cultural center in the Nuevo París district of Montevideo was inaugurated in her name.Шаблон:Sfn

Works

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное


Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «Notes» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="Notes"/>

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Alba_Roballo&oldid=13017171