Английская Википедия:Albert I of Germany

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Шаблон:Infobox royalty Albert I of Habsburg (Шаблон:Lang-de) (July 1255Шаблон:Snd1 May 1308) was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination. He was the eldest son of King Rudolf I of GermanyШаблон:Sfn and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg. Sometimes referred to as 'Albert the One-eyed' because of a battle injury that left him with a hollow eye socket and a permanent snarl.

Biography

Файл:Albecht 1.jpg

Seal of Albert I of Habsburg; his shield displays the arms of Habsburg (modern) (Babenberg: Gules, a fess argent, here shown decorated with diaper-work) whilst his banner and the shields on his horse's caparison displays Habsburg (ancient) Or, a lion rampant gules crowned armed and langued azure. Latin inscription (abbreviated): ALBERTUS DEI GRATIA GRANDIS DUX AUSTRIAE ET STYRIAE DE HABSBURG ET KIBURG COMES LANTGRAVUS ALSACIAE ("Albert by grace of God Grand Duke of Austria and Styria, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace"). Atop his helm he displays a crest of A plume of peacock feathers

From 1273 Albert ruled as a landgrave over his father's Swabian (Further Austrian) possessions in Alsace. In 1282 his father, the first German monarch from the House of Habsburg, invested him and his younger brother Rudolf II with the duchies of Austria and Styria,Шаблон:Sfn which he had seized from late King Ottokar II of Bohemia and defended in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. By the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden his father entrusted Albert with their sole government, while Rudolf II ought to be compensated by the Further Austrian Habsburg home territories – which, however, never happened until his death in 1290. Albert and his Swabian ministeriales appear to have ruled the Austrian and Styrian duchies with conspicuous success, overcoming the resistance by local nobles.

King Rudolf I was unable to secure the succession to the German throne for his son, especially due to the objections raised by Ottokar's son King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and the plans to install Albert as successor of the assassinated King Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1290 also failed. Upon Rudolf's death in 1291, the Prince-electors, fearing Albert's power and the implementation of a hereditary monarchy, chose Count Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg as King of the Romans. An uprising among his Styrian dependents compelled Albert to recognize the sovereignty of his rival and to confine himself for a time to the government of the Habsburg lands at Vienna.Шаблон:Sfn

He did not abandon his hopes of the throne, however, which were eventually realised: In 1298, he was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were bothered about Adolf's attempts to gain his own power bases in the lands of Thuringia and Meissen, again led by the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. The armies of the rival kings met at the Battle of Göllheim near Worms, where Adolf was defeated and slain.

Submitting to a new election but securing the support of several influential princes by making extensive promises, he was chosen at the Imperial City of Frankfurt on 27 July 1298, and crowned at Aachen Cathedral on 24 August.

Although a hard, stern man, Albert had a keen sense of justice when his own interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so practical an intelligence. He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private war, formed alliances with the princes in order to enforce his decrees. The serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted notice in an age indifferent to the claims of common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the despised and persecuted Jews. Stories of his cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons (cf. William Tell) did not appear until the 16th century, and are now regarded as legendary. Шаблон:Sfn

Albert sought to play an important part in European affairs. He seemed at first inclined to press a quarrel with the Kingdom of France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of Pope Boniface VIII to recognize his election led him to change his policy, and, in 1299, he made a treaty with King Philip IV, by which his son Rudolph was to marry Blanche, a daughter of the French king. He afterwards became estranged from Philip, but in 1303, Boniface recognized him as German king and future emperor; in return, Albert recognized the authority of the pope alone to bestow the Imperial crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without papal consent.Шаблон:Sfn

Albert had failed in his attempt to seize the counties of Holland and Zeeland, as vacant fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, on the death of Count John I in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph III on the death of King Wenceslaus III. He also renewed the claim made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne. The Thuringian attack ended in Albert's defeat at the Battle of Lucka in 1307 and, in the same year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern Europe. His action in abolishing all tolls established on the Rhine since 1250 led the Rhenish prince-archbishops and the Elector of the Palatinate to form a league against him. Aided by the Imperial cities, however, he soon crushed the rising.Шаблон:Sfn

He was on the way to suppress a revolt in Swabia when he was murdered on 1 May 1308, at Windisch on the Reuss, by his nephew Duke John, afterwards called "the Parricide" or "John Parricida".

Titles

Albert, by the grace of God, King of the Romans, Duke of Austria and Styria, Lord of Carniola, over the Wendish Mark and of Port Naon, Count of Habsburg and Kyburg, Landgrave of Alsace

Marriage and children

In 1274, Albert had married Elizabeth,Шаблон:Sfn daughter of Count Meinhard II of Tyrol, who was a descendant of the Babenberg margraves of Austria who predated the Habsburgs' rule. The baptismal name Leopold, patron saint margrave of Austria, was given to one of their sons. Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: she was a descendant of earlier German kings, including Emperor Henry IV; she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbor.

Albert and Elizabeth had twelve children:

1. Anna (1275, ViennaШаблон:Snd19 March 1327, Breslau),Шаблон:Sfn married:
   1. in Graz Шаблон:Circa to Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel;Шаблон:Sfn
   2. in Breslau 1310 to Henry VI the Good, Duke of Wrocław.
2. Agnes (18 May 1281Шаблон:Snd10 June 1364, Königsfelden), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary.Шаблон:Sfn
3. Rudolph III (Шаблон:CircaШаблон:Snd4 July 1307, Horažďovice)Шаблон:Sfn married but line extinct and predeceased his father.
4. Elizabeth (1285Шаблон:Snd19 May 1353), married 1304 Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine.Шаблон:Sfn
5. Frederick I (1289Шаблон:Snd13 January 1330, Gutenstein)Шаблон:Sfn married but line extinct.
6. Leopold I (4 August 1290Шаблон:Snd28 February 1326, Strassburg)Шаблон:Sfn married, had issue.
7. Catherine (1295Шаблон:Snd18 January 1323, Naples), married Charles, Duke of Calabria in 1316.
8. Albert II (12 December 1298, ViennaШаблон:Snd20 July 1358, Vienna).Шаблон:Sfn
9. Henry the Gentle (1299Шаблон:Snd3 February 1327,Шаблон:Sfn Bruck an der Mur) married but line extinct.
10. Meinhard (1300Шаблон:Snd1301), died in infancy.
11. Otto (23 July 1301, ViennaШаблон:Snd26 February 1339, Vienna)Шаблон:Sfn married but line extinct.
12. Jutta (1302Шаблон:Snd5 March 1329), married Ludwig V, Count of Öttingen in Baden, 26 March 1319.

External links

The poem Шаблон:Ws, by Felicia Hemans recalls the scene of Albert's death, where he was supposedly comforted by a passing peasant woman. From Friendship's Offering annual, 1826.

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:EB1911 Citations: