Английская Википедия:Alberto Caeiro
Alberto Caeiro is a heteronym which the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa began to use in 1914 and introduced in print in 1925. In his fictional biography, Caeiro was born in Lisbon on 16 April 1889, lived most his life in a village in Ribatejo and died in 1915. He was the leader and teacher of a group of neopagan poets and intellectuals that included Pessoa's other heteronyms António Mora, Ricardo Reis and Álvaro de Campos.
Caeiro was the first of Pessoa's major heteronyms. The first and most famous work Pessoa composed under this name was Шаблон:Ill, a series of 49 poems he began in 1914 and continued to edit until his death in 1935. The rest of Caeiro's poems are grouped under the headings The Shepherd in Love and Uncollected Poems.
Development
Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935) was a Portuguese poet who posthumously became highly regarded in European literature.Шаблон:Sfn Alberto Caeiro was the first of his major heteronyms, a term he used for three of his over a hundred pen names.Шаблон:Sfn According to a letter Pessoa wrote to the literary critic Adolfo Casais Monteiro, he created Caeiro on 8 March 1914 when he wrote a series of poems that would become Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn
The first time any material was published under Caeiro's name was in January 1925, when 23 poems from The Keeper of Sheep appeared in issue 4 of Шаблон:Ill,Шаблон:Sfnm a literary journal edited by Pessoa together with Шаблон:Interlanguage link.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the Uncollected Poems were published in Athena no. 5. Further material appeared in Presença in 1931. Pessoa continued to revise the poems throughout his life and some of them exist in many variants.Шаблон:Sfn
Eduardo Lourenço stressed the influence from Walt Whitman in a 1977 essay, "Walt Whitman e Pessoa" (Шаблон:Literal translation"), where he arged that the heteronyms Caeiro and Álvaro de Campos emerged through an "explosion of Pessoa's universe when confronted with Whitman's universe".Шаблон:Sfn Lourenço distinguished Campos, where the influence from Whitman is more direct, from Caeiro, where it is suppressed.Шаблон:Sfn In a text uncovered after Lourenço wrote his essay, Pessoa commented, under his English-language heteronym Thomas Crosse, on the similarities between Caeiro and Whitman, arguing that Caeiro was a superior poet and that there was no influence from Whitman. Based partially on Pessoa's assertive denial, the scholar Richard Zenith argues that the influence from Whitman was considerable.Шаблон:Sfn
Life and views
Шаблон:Infobox person In the fictional biography Pessoa created for Caeiro, the poet was born in Lisbon, Portugal, on 16 April 1889.Шаблон:Sfn In one annotation, his year of birth is instead given as 1887 and he is said to have two suppressed middle names.Шаблон:Sfn He lived his first two years in Lisbon, but lived most of his life in a village in the Ribatejo Province, where he wrote the majority of his poems.Шаблон:Sfn After staying a few months in Lisbon in 1915, Caeiro died from tuberculosis.Шаблон:Sfn
In his poems, Caeiro boasts about being ignorant about literature and having little education.Шаблон:Sfn He describes his early poems collected in the The Keeper of Sheep as a child's work.Шаблон:Sfn He developed his own poetics based on free verse and a worldview that premiered the immediate experience and rejected attempts to find an underlying truth or meaning in things.Шаблон:Sfn
Caeiro was a major character in Pessoa's fictional universe, something Pessoa referred to as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Translation).Шаблон:Sfn He functioned as someone who Pessoa's other heteronyms looked up to and Pessoa described Caeiro as his own master.Шаблон:Sfn Caeiro was the central figure of the Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Literal translation), through which Pessoa's heteronyms sought to explore neopaganism with Caeiro as their starting point.Шаблон:Sfn Under the heteronym of António Mora, Pessoa wrote about Caeiro and paganism:
Works
Pessoa wrote 104 poems under the Caeiro heteronym. Luís de Montalvor and Шаблон:Ill published the first collection of his poetry, Poemas de Alberto Caeiro, in Portugal in 1946. In Brazil, Шаблон:Ill edited an Obra poetica in 1960.Шаблон:Sfn Shearsman Books published Caeiro's poems in full in English interpretations by Chris Daniels in 2007 as The Collected Poems of Alberto Caeiro. Margaret Jull Costa and Patricio Ferrari translated the collected poems and selected texts about Caeiro from Pessoa's other heteronyms for a bilingual edition from New Directions, The Complete Works of Alberto Caeiro, published in 2020. The latter edition is based on a 2016 Portuguese critical edition edited by Ferrari and Jerónimo Pizarro.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Ill (Шаблон:Lang-pt) is a collection of 49 poems and the most famous of Caeiro's works. The title is attributed to Caeiro, but some of the poems were first included in the collection by the literary critic Maria Aliete Galhoz.Шаблон:Sfn
The Shepherd in Love (Шаблон:Lang-pt) is a shorter sequence of poems. Under the Campos heteronym, Pessoa described it as "a futile interlude, but the few poems it contains are among the world's great love poems".Шаблон:Sfn
The Uncollected Poems (Шаблон:Lang-pt) is a collective name for Caeiro's other poems. According to Pessoa's in-universe writings, the title was created by Ricardo Reis.Шаблон:Sfn
Pessoa wrote introductions and critical commentaries to Caeiro's poems under other heteronyms. The first of these was by Mora, a heteronym Pessoa used for theoretical texts about paganism.Шаблон:Sfn There are more than 40 texts about Caeiro attributed to Reis, many of them fragmentary and likely intended as parts of prefaces.Шаблон:Sfn Campos' "Notes in Remembrance of My Master Caeiro" was published in Presença in 1931.Шаблон:Sfn Pessoa prepared material for promoting Caira's works in Europe, writing his own reviews and an English-language introduction under the name I. I. Crosse.Шаблон:Sfn
Reception
Like with Pessoa's literary output in general, only a small portion of Caeiro's poetry was published in Pessoa's lifetime, and it took decades before it received significant recognition.Шаблон:Sfn Several works with a focus on Caeiro have been published since the Poemas de Alberto Caeiro appeared in 1946.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Ill wrote a work on Caeiro in 1986 and published the first critical edition of his poems in 2015.Шаблон:Sfn
Selected bibliography
References
Citations
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Further reading
External links
Шаблон:Fernando Pessoa Шаблон:Authority control
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