Английская Википедия:Alexander De Soto
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox person
Alexander De Soto (July 28, 1840 – November 11, 1936) was a Spanish-American physician, philanthropist, and businessman. He is best known for establishing Seattle's first hospital, the Wayside Mission Hospital, which he directed from 1898 to 1904. A born again Protestant, De Soto wanted to help more poor, homeless, sick, and people with addiction, and wanted to create a business that would finance his numerous philanthropic plans. At the zenith of his business career, De Soto was involved in mining businesses in Chile, Peru, Spain, North and South America, South Africa, and Mexico. He co-founded the De Soto Placer Mining company which conducted more mining activity than any other company of the time in Snohomish County, Washington, and was the first businessman to introduce dredge mining to Alaska. The company-owned Alaskan lands were considered the richest and best-equipped in the world, featuring the largest dredges and steam shovels available in 1903.
De Soto was born in the western Pacific Ocean's Caroline Islands, and educated in Spain. He arrived to America in 1862, and served as a navy surgeon in Federal Navy during the American Civil War. In 1867, he worked as surgeon in Alaska. He was one of the leaders of the Carlist movement. From 1870 to 1872, De Soto lived in Sweden, where he served as physician for King Charles XV. Later, he moved his practice to Chile and Peru. In 1879 and 1880, he served as an army surgeon for Chile in the War of the Pacific. De Soto's life took a turn when he developed an interest in gambling, which led to a morphine addiction. He was saved and converted to Protestantism, becoming a member of the New York Crittenton and the Bleecker Street Missions, and later of the Bowery Mission. In 1879, De Soto led a gospel expedition to Alaska, which failed to reach Klondike ending instead in Seattle, Washington, where De Soto established the city's first hospital and continued his missionary and philanthropic work.
De Soto started other business ventures to finance his missionary projects. He was involved in planning a railroad to Alaska as well as his mining business. Only his mining business was initially successful, as the Granite Falls mine in Snohomish County turned a profit. De Soto's decision to reinvest the proceedings into a gargantuan project in Alaska, although initially very promising, proved mistaken. De Soto successfully secured a significant investment fund and delivered state-of-the-art dredging equipment to Alaska, but the business idea failed, as his mining company's land didn't yield enough gold. De Soto was accused of mismanagement, and after several more unsuccessful attempts, he abandoned the mining business and returned to medicine. In 1910, he unsuccessfully ran for King County Coroner, and then went to Sweden, where he served as physician and dietician for the King of Norway from 1910 to 1915. Later, he returned to New York. In 1936, at the age of 95, as he was working as a dietician on the private yacht Centaur, he died soon after falling into the Gowanus Bay in Brooklyn.
In the 1920s, an historical plaque and an anchor marker were installed on the Washington Street Public Boat Landing in Seattle to commemorate De Soto and the Wayside Mission and Hospital.
Early life and family
De Soto was born on July 28, 1840,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in the Caroline Islands, a Spanish colony at the time.Шаблон:Refn His parents were Fernando De Soto, born in 1791 on the De Soto estate near Barcelona, and Hedwig Leonora De Soto from Austria (she died in 1862).Шаблон:Sfn Alexander's father was a general in Spain military forces,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and at one point, the Spanish minister of war.Шаблон:Sfn He served as governor of the Caroline Islands, then the lieutenant governor of Puerto Rico, and later as a diplomat until his retirement at 80.Шаблон:Sfn Fernando De Soto died at 111 years old.Шаблон:Sfn
According to the family's oral history, Alexander De Soto was a great-great-grandson of Hernando de Soto, the famous Spanish explorer who discovered the Mississippi River.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As of 1906, De Soto was one of five living descendants of Hernando, including his brother who was a Catholic bishop in Rome; a sister, who lived in Spain; and two cousins.Шаблон:Sfn
Education
De Soto spent his early years of education in Sant Quintí de Mediona near Barcelona at a Jesuit college.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
He went on to become a surgeon and physician.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He received a Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Spain in Madrid, and proceeded to study in Heidelberg, Germany, where he received a Legum Doctor degree. In 1870, he studied in Uppsala, Sweden.Шаблон:Sfn
Career
Early military, civic, and medical career (1862–1880)
In 1862, 22-year old De Soto came to America to study American naval tactics as a Spanish legation (diplomat). He served as a navy surgeon in the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1867, De Soto worked as a surgeon in Alaska.Шаблон:Sfn In 1868, he went back to Spain and became one of the activists of the Carlist movement. He stayed in Spain until the early 1870s, when he left to study and work in Sweden.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
From 1870 to 1872, De Soto worked as a surgeon and professor in Uppsala, Sweden, and served as physician for King Charles XV (who reigned from 1859 to 1872). Between 1872 and 1875, De Soto moved his medical practice to Chili and Peru. In 1879 and 1880, he served as a Chilean army surgeon in the War of the Pacific, a dispute between Chile and a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In the late 1870s, De Soto developed an interest in card games and gambling, and briefly worked as croupier in Berlin, Germany.Шаблон:Sfn In 1880, De Soto went to London; from there he returned to America, settling in New York.Шаблон:Sfn
Gambling and addiction (1880–1890)
De Soto continued to gamble while settling in New York in 1880.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He also developed a morphine addiction.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Later, he moved further west and gambled in Colorado mining camps.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Missionary and medical career (1890–1936)
In 1890, De Soto experienced religious salvation and converted to Protestantism. He quit gambling and overcame his morphine addiction. The experience prompted him to start active missionary work. He returned to New York State and briefly worked in leather goods manufacturing in Freeport, Long Island.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In New York, he attended the Crittenton and the Bleecker Street Missions. In 1897, he joined the New York Bowery Mission.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
After engaging in missionary work for several years, he decided to create and lead a gospel expedition to Alaska.Шаблон:Sfn
Gospel mission to Alaska (1897–1898)
In November 1897, seven members of the New York Bowery Mission, led by De Soto, started a trip to the Klondike region to bring worship and gospel sessions to Alaskan gold miners and natives. Their main goal was to establish a mission similar to those in New York in Dawson City. They were determined to hold worship meetings at every point on their route from New Jersey to California and Washington, and after going through the Chilkoot Pass to Juneau and Dawson.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The travelers also planned to reach Klondike and search for gold, calculating that the gold, if found, would sponsor their missionary work in Klondike as well as in New York. De Soto also wanted to establish a non-profit hospital in the region.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
However, the group never reached Klondike. In November 1898, a year after their departure from New York, they reached Seattle. They were thwarted by unfavorable weather conditions and De Soto's injury—he broke his leg and needed time to recover. De Soto learned that there was no public hospital in Seattle, and decided to build one.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Wayside Mission and Hospital (1898–1909)
In 1898, having started a small medical practice in Seattle, De Soto invested much of his own money to establish the Seattle Wayside Mission, of which he became president.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first Mission meeting took place on November 8, 1898, in a building on the Railroad avenue.Шаблон:Sfn
The daily indoor and outdoors mission meetings consisted of songs, prayers, preaching, and testimonies. Every meeting provided free mental and medical support for the needy people of the city, with a focus on drug, alcohol, and gambling addicts. Homeless people were also provided with temporary housing.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Seeing how many people returned to Seattle poor, sick, and injured from gold fields after the Klondike Gold Rush, De Soto decided to build the Wayside Mission Hospital. There was no other establishment in Seattle where people could get free medical treatmentШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn until 1909, when the city opened its own public hospital.Шаблон:Sfn
De Soto met Captain Amos C. Benjamin and Judge Roger S. Greene as fellow members of the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Seattle. In the spring of 1899, they co-founded the Seattle Benevolent Society in order to lobby for and recruit investors in the establishment of the Wayside Hospital.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Thanks to De Soto's experience in treating the sick and addicted, he was highly esteemed by the Seattle police department and other influential friends, who convinced the city to assist him in opening the hospital.Шаблон:Sfn The Wayside Mission Hospital was established on April 1, 1899, as the first free hospital in the city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto invested his own money into the establishment as well as recruiting contributions from businesses and citizens.Шаблон:Sfn De Soto's good friend, business colleague, and philanthropist John J. HabeckerШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn became one of the biggest investors of the Wayside Mission Hospital, and helped manage it.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In their formative years, the Wayside Mission and Hospital were supported by the Free Methodist, Baptist, and Congregational churches of Seattle. For over a year, the North Baptist Church of Seattle provided the bread for the mission. The Seattle Seminary helped the mission organize meetings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A number of business companies and well-known people of Seattle helped provide necessary medicines and food.Шаблон:Sfn In 1903, English actress Rose Coghlan donated her earnings from three performances of The Second Mrs. Tanqueray in Seattle to the hospital.Шаблон:Sfn That same year, it was announced that all profits from De Soto's mining properties in Granite Falls, Washington would be dedicated to charities across Puget Sound including the Wayside Hospital.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The mission and hospital's primary goal was the treatment of poverty-related illnesses and industrial accidents, treating lumberjacks, sailors, miners, and others.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto became determined to provide medical assistance of all kinds of starving, sick, and lonely people neglected by the government, many of whom were in hopeless conditions due to difficult illnesses, but mostly due to severe opium and morphine addictions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Soon, treating drug addicts became De Soto's specialty, and it was stated that addicts left the hospital almost cured.Шаблон:Sfn
It was widely known that De Soto himself visited the streets, bars, saloons, and other public places to find those who needed rescuing and medical assistance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On a number of occasions De Soto dealt with suicidal patients retrieving them from the Seattle harbor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The hospital became well known across the Pacific Coast,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and sheltered poor and sick people from across the Puget Sound region.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Floating hospital establishment (1900)
In 1900, it was decided to expand the Wayside Mission Hospital to new territory. The members of the Seattle Benevolent Society bought the steamer Idaho from the Cahn & Cohn company, and renovated it to be a hospital ship. The city provided a spot to dock the vessel at the Jackson Street slip.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto resigned from the Seattle Benevolent Society to be able to lease the boat from them and build his hospital there.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The Seattle Benevolent Society started fundraising.Шаблон:Sfn Immediately after purchase, all the steamer's machinery was ripped out to provide space for wards.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At first, only a small part of the ship was made into hospital bunks, and several patients housed there for treatment supervised by the mission's volunteers. The plan was to develop two decks for hospital wings divided into men's and women's wards.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
At first, De Soto worked alongside eight staff, but the number of people on the hospital's official staff developed rapidly throughout 1900. By September, there were several doctors, male and female nurses, a matron, night guard, cook, and porter. None of the staff earned an official salary.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
By the end of 1900, the hospital boat was full of patients. It provided free meals and could treat up to 50 patients at a time. Doctors treated everything from mild injuries to drug addictions for free. If patients were able to pay for their treatment, De Soto occasionally charged them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sticking to the Wayside Mission principles, worship services and prayer sessions were held at the floating hospital.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1901, the Wayside Mission Hospital served 7,400 patients. More than 40,000 free meals were given out; in 1901; that number reached 50,000.Шаблон:Sfn De Soto stated that in the first three years, he donated $23,480 ($630,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn) out of his own pocket.Шаблон:Sfn
By November 1901, the steamer Idaho was in a critical condition and in need of overhaul. The City Council gave the Wayside Mission permission to build a gridiron at the foot of Jackson street and put the ship on it.Шаблон:Sfn But during a severe storm in January 1902, the Idaho broke from its mooring with patients and staff on board. As it was tossed by the waves, its stern was severely damaged by logs that were anchored nearby. People were evacuated from the ship by the city's fire department, and crews of nearby anchored vessels helped to save the boat from sinking, securing it near the wharf.Шаблон:Sfn The ship survived the storm and proceeded to be re-moored at its original position.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Eventually, a strong beam-structured gridiron was built. The ship was dismantled and then installed on its new stern foundation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Cooperation with authorities
In 1900, Do Soto addressed the Health and Sanitation Committee of Seattle, asking for official authority to treat and assist the city's drug addicts. After the discussion, an ordinance was prepared that gave De Soto police authority to prevent the selling of any medicine, that could be used as a drug without prescriptions, and full responsibility for the welfare of the city addicts.Шаблон:Sfn
Thanks to De Soto, that same year other ordinances were passed by the City Council. One ordinance made the selling of the opiates without a prescription a criminal offense; the other allowed the municipal court and city jail to remove convicted addicts to the De Soto's floating hospital, using it as a rehabilitation center. The Council paid 50 cents per day per patient for the addicts' containment. However, a year later, the city finance committee introduced a new ordinance: due to budget shortages, the city could no longer pay De Soto to treat addicts, and they were to be kept in the city jail again.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Another article stated that drug addicts were not allowed at the hospital anymore because their treatment had proved impractical; there were multiple easy ways of getting drugs in the city.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, through 1901 De Soto kept up his "relentless war" against the Seattle druggists who sold morphine and other opiates to addicts.Шаблон:Sfn
As there was no municipal hospital in Seattle until 1909, all the city's sick and injured were sent either to the city jail (which De Soto maintained delayed medical assistance), or to the county hospital, making it overflow with patients.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1902, to support the city (which at the time didn't have the funding to build its own hospital), minimize the damage done to patients at the city jail, and provide people with timely quality medical help, De Soto proposed to dedicate a ward or several wards in the floating hospital specifically for people found sick or injured on the city streets and in public places. He also suggested making his hospital headquarters for and in charge of the city ambulance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The City Council and Committee on Health and Sanitation supported De Soto's initiative and agreed to his suggestions. On July 21, 1902, an ordinance was passed sealing the City Council's agreements with De Soto. The ordinance stated that the city's Board of Health and city Health Officers were to send injured and sick people, as well as emergency cases, to the Wayside Mission Hospital instead of other city or county institutions. The city would pay 75 cents per day for their treatment and accommodations for up to three days. Afterwards, the patients were to be removed to the county hospital if needed. De Soto took all expenses on himself, provided the assistance of experienced doctors of his hospital, and appointed a salaried physician in charge of the new ward.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
One part of the initial plan failed to work: as the majority of patients had complex injuries and illnesses, it was impossible to let them go after three days. Since the county hospital was overtaxed, many people were left in the Wayside Mission Hospital for a longer period of time. In December 1902, the ordinance and official agreement between De Soto and the City Council expired, but city authorities continued to send cases to the Wayside Mission Hospital.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In early 1903, the Wayside Mission Hospital's bill for treating city patients was reduced by 80% by the auditing committee of the City Council. The Council declined to pay for indigent sick people's treatment, stating the issue fell under the County Commissioner's jurisdiction. The County Commissioner's office also rejected their responsibility for the needy patients.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1903, there were hundreds of impoverished sick people in Seattle, and in discussions between the hospital and the officials, it became clear that neither city nor county entities were willing to take responsibility for them. The hospital's officials resented the whole situation. They suggested the City Council spend a part of the "floating fund" to pay for poor people's treatment, and came up with an ordinance regarding the maintenance of Seattle's indigent sick, hoping the council would pass it.Шаблон:Sfn
As the City Council didn't fulfill their agreements with De Soto, the relationship became strained. At the Seattle Chamber of Commerce meeting on March 25, 1903, De Soto and Agnes Heath, his hospital manager, addressed the issue again and accused authorities of neglect towards the city's destitute. Eventually, the Chamber of Commerce referred the question of needy people's treatment and its funding to city and county committees.Шаблон:Sfn
In April, a joint meeting of county and city committees was held. De Soto took part in it and stated that his private funds and contributions from other people were not enough to treat the rising flow of patients. De Soto suggested that the city establish proper funding for the hospital and increase payment as 75 cents per a day could not cover treatment, further assistance, and food. A new committee was established to solve the problem of hospital funding, and later a new ordinance was passed as to the partnership between the hospital and the City Council.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1904, the hospital on board the Idaho steamer was incorporated under the name of Wayside Emergency Hospital.Шаблон:Sfn
Push to expand the hospital (1903)
As Seattle didn't have a public hospital for emergency cases,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the Wayside Mission Hospital on board the Idaho steamship served as the receiving city hospital for several years. By 1903, De Soto came to conclusion that the hospital at Idaho was "inadequate" for the number of people needing free medical assistance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
To make more room for patients, doctors, and other medical assistance, in May 1903 De Soto announced plans for a new modernized Wayside Mission Hospital: a new brick and stone four-story building to replace the Idaho. The rough drafts included wards for 100 patients, ambulance bay, dining rooms, kitchen, linen rooms, dispensary, X-ray rooms, medical and surgical laboratories, nurses dormitories, lecture rooms for the medical and nurses training schools, an elevator. The cost of the new building with all the equipment was appraised from $80,000 to $100,000 (from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn). De Soto invested some of his own money (made from his mining dealings) and persuaded several philanthropists to contribute to the construction.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In May 1903, an ordinance was introduced by the City Council to allow the Seattle Board of Public Works to lease De Soto a Шаблон:Convert piece of land on Jackson Street (the site of the steamer Idaho Site) for 35 years for the purpose of building the new hospital. The rental price was called "merely nominal" at $1 per year. The hospital would run on the same agreements as the floating hospital had, and upon the end of the lease, the city was free to take over the building and equipment or to give another 35-year lease to De Soto, his heirs, or his assignees.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
A few days later, it was announced that the piece of land where the floating hospital was situated and which De Soto wanted for the new hospital had already been leased by the city to the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad Company (also known as the Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad, or the Pacific Coast Railroad Company) without De Soto's knowledge. Another obstacle for De Soto was the question of whether the city could legally lease public streets for private purposes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Despite the fact that prior to these events the city had constantly leased certain parts of public streets,Шаблон:Sfn the City Council eventually declined De Soto's proposal without further discussion, and the ordinance for a property lease on Jackson Street failed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Although there were other site offers for the new hospital,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto stood his ground, demanding the site by the ocean because the healing medical properties of salt water provided better conditions for patients.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The City Council's activity in regard to the new hospital met with strong public response. As the new hospital was widely supported by citizens, the council's decision was criticized by the community and newspapers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto himself believed the whole situation was created by the Board of Public Works and City Engineers specifically to get him and his hospital out of its spot on Jackson Street.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Nevertheless, the existence of the floating hospital was still in question. On June 6, 1903, at a meeting of the Board of Public Works, the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad Company demanded that the Board give them the present Idaho site in order to build a railroad line. De Soto was present at the meeting, and offered to move the hospital further out in the bay to provide the necessary space for the railroad and save the hospital at the same time. After heated discussions, the Board gave the representatives of the Wayside Mission Hospital and the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad Company a week to reach some kind of agreement.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The boat was left at its original site until 1907, when the Oregon Improvement Company started lobbying to build a railroad there.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
King County Medical Society opposition
The King County Medical Society had resisted De Soto and his free treatment for the poor ever since he had arrived in Seattle in 1898.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1903, De Soto and several other Seattle doctors engaged in open conflict with the Society. Some doctors even moved their practices elsewhere due to the confrontation. The Society was strongly opposed to the establishment of "general medical charity" and De Soto's methods and ideas regarding medical assistance and mental health support to the indigent and addicted. According to a Seattle Daily Times article in 1903, they expelled a member of the society, Dr. Wyllis Sillman, to counter his wishes to open a free dispensary in Seattle. Supporting his colleague, De Soto called out the Society's actions as "incompetence and malpractice," labeling the organization "no longer useful in a community,"Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and invited Dr. Wyllis Sillman to work with him in the Wayside Mission Hospital.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Hospital management overhaul and later activity (1904–1913)
In 1904, while De Soto was attending his mining properties in Alaska and second-in-charge J. J. Habecker left for Philadelphia, the hospital was left in the charge of E. G. Johnson. The King County Medical Society saw an opportunity to finally remove De Soto from his position and either close or take control of the hospital. They influenced the Seattle Benevolent Society—the owners of the hospital—to make Johnson resign and appoint another physician in charge. The Society also persuaded the City Council to cut their payments to the hospital for city emergency cases.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto's management was deemed unsatisfactory, and his lease of the boat and the hospital was revoked. The lease was later given to Fanny W. Connor, manager of the hospital, and Marion Baxter, one of the Seattle Benevolent Society directors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In order to support the Wayside Mission Hospital, new management held an entertainment and fundraising event in a Seattle theatre. The event was attended by many doctors, nurses, and musicians: among the guests was Anita Newcomb McGee, a well-known American military doctor.Шаблон:Sfn In 1905, Marion Baxter was given charge of the hospital. She helped raise money to pay the hospital debts and find further funding.Шаблон:Sfn In 1906, the Wayside Mission Hospital operated under Seattle and King County authorities.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1907, the Idaho steamer's roof became leaky. At the same time, the Oregon Improvement Company started lobbying to build a railroad line through the hospital site. Eventually, the hospital was removed to the Sarah B. Yesler building, where the Seattle General Hospital had previously operated. It functioned under the name of Wayside Emergency Hospital until 1909, when Seattle opened its first public hospital. From 1910 to 1913, Wayside Emergency Hospital operated under the management of Katherine Major.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The abandoned hull of the Idaho steamer eventually sank into Elliott Bay.Шаблон:Sfn
Other Wayside Mission establishments
In August 1901, De Soto expanded the Wayside Mission, opening a new facility on Washington Street in Seattle. It offered much more space for mental health care than the Idaho and the first mission building had.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn From August 1900 to November 1901, around 8,000 people (excluding those who stayed on the hospital ship) were given free shelter in the Mission Hall on Washington Street.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1901, the Wayside Mission sanitary farm operated in Granite Falls, Washington, under the management of De Soto and J.J. Habecker. The farm was built as a shelter and recovery center for drug addicts who had previously been treated in the Wayside Mission Hospital in Seattle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
By 1903, De Soto had developed his mining camps in Council City, Alaska, and outlined plans for a 20-bed hospital there, with a physician, surgeon, and trained nurses to assist miners in the area for free.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On June 1, equipment and materials for the new hospital in Alaska was shipped from Seattle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By August 28, 1903, the Council City hospital was successfully built. It was a Шаблон:Convert building furnished with modern equipment. De Soto was in charge of the hospital and managed a staff of experienced doctors. De Soto also organized a mission in Council City, which operated successfully for a few years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Later medical career
After being ousted from his management of the Wayside Mission Hospital in 1904, De Soto's most notable activity in the medical field was in 1910, when he ran for King County Coroner on the Republican ticket. He lost the race and went to Sweden, where he served as physician and dietician for the King of Norway from 1910 to 1915.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1936, De Soto worked as dietician on the private cruise yacht Centaur during a summer cruise of the Great Lakes.Шаблон:Sfn
Historical commemorations
In the 1920s, a plaque commemorating the SS Idaho was installed at the newly built Washington Street Boat Landing pergola, on South Washington Street.Шаблон:Sfn During the 1960 National Maritime Week, a historical plaque and an anchor marker were installed on Washington Street Public Boat Landing to honor the Wayside Mission and Hospital, De Soto, and the Idaho. In 2014, the boat landing and plaque were temporarily removed to another pier due to the Elliott Bay seawall restoration work.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1974, the SS Idaho was featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not! magazine.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1982, a children picture book about a mouse dentist Doctor De Soto was published.Шаблон:Sfn
Wayside Mission Hospital was the first public hospital in Seattle history.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It demonstrated the need for public health institutions and spurred the development of medical care for the indigent of the city and county.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Mining business (1872–1906)
Between 1872 and 1875, De Soto worked in mining business in Chili and Peru.Шаблон:Sfn Over the years, he engaged in mining business in Spain, North and South America, South Africa, and Mexico,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and was well known for his activity in the field.Шаблон:Sfn
The De Soto Placer Mining Company was established in winter 1902–1903.Шаблон:Sfn De Soto became its vice-president and general manager, and J. J. Habecker, a philanthropist from Philadelphia and De Soto's good friend, became the company's president.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
After securing grounds with rich deposits in Alaska, De Soto found investors from the East Coast for the De Soto Placer Mining Company. He also placed a large piece of the company's stock for sale, advertised it in newspapers, and raised up to $200,000 from it.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Home offices, and a large number of the majority stockholders of the company, were situated in Philadelphia.Шаблон:Sfn Almost at once, the company became known as one of the best and largest mining companies in the world.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Washington state mining
Sultan
De Soto had heard several stories about gold deposits in the Sultan River area.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In August 1899, he went up the river with a group of people, and after several days, they stumbled upon large and seemingly expensive, though abandoned, mining camps, known to the locals as Horseshoe Bend. The Sultan River area was actively prospected in the later 1880s and early 1890s, but was abandoned at the time of the Alaskan gold rush start in 1896.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
After several days of research, the team discovered placer gold in the soil.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The following year, De Soto researched areas up and down the river, securing a large number of mining claims. He also succeeded in involving investors from the East Coast for the venture.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1901, De Soto secured Шаблон:Convert of land along the Sultan River with J. J. Habecker.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn De Soto's company secured about Шаблон:Convert of placer land at Horseshoe Bend, and thanks to De Soto's activities, a hydraulic plant was installed there for about $15,000 ($403,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn). De Soto's activity at Horseshoe Bend dissolved in 1902.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
De Soto's activity at the placer mining property near the Sultan River was considered the largest mining enterprise at the time.Шаблон:Sfn By 1902, De Soto was well known in the mining circles of Washington state.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1902 and 1903, De Soto and Habecker's partnership was referred to as a "large syndicate:" they owned and gold-mined more than 5,000 acres of Snohomish County. Several mining sites were developed in the Cascades, and around 50 men worked there. De Soto and Habecker also owned water rights for over Шаблон:Convert of the Шаблон:Convert Sultan River, which included nine waterfalls standing from Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert high.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In September 1903, De Soto and his companions turned the Sultan River from its course and sent its waters through a tunnel hewn though a solid rock. Then they worked to dry the remaining riverbed, aiming to find gold deposits and valuable gold nuggets. They found a considerable quantity of gold. However, snow melt later destroyed all the machinery and clogged the tunnel with boulders and timber.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the other hand, one article stated that they themselves destroyed the dam, slowly suspended operations in the area, and dissolved partnerships with the company's small stock holders.Шаблон:Sfn
De Soto continued working on the Sultan River property. In 1909,Шаблон:Sfn he still took active part in prospecting new lands, and once was badly injured and almost killed in a rock slide.Шаблон:Sfn
Granite Falls
In 1902, De Soto bought the Wayside mine in Granite Falls, Washington,Шаблон:Sfn which was rich in quartz,Шаблон:Sfn copper, silver, and gold.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He soon divided the shares with J. J. Habecker and other Philadelphian businessmen. They developed the mine and made a profit of $40,000 ($1,000,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn) within the first few months.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnIn 1903, profit from the Granite Fall mines was dedicated exclusively for charity and to fund the Wayside Mission Hospital in Seattle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By 1906, the Wayside mine in Granite Falls was owned by a stock company managed by Habecker.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1903, De Soto widened his activities in the Granite Falls area. He platted a new town, planning to call it Wayside, and spent $17,000 ($500,000Шаблон:Refn) on other mines in Granite Falls, which he stated to be "the cheapest proposition he had ever developed." The new mine was Шаблон:Convert lower than other Pacific Coast mines, which in De Soto's opinion increased the odds of finding rich deposits. A large number of miners were hired to work in Granite Falls, and professional machinery brought for the purpose.Шаблон:Sfn
Alaska
Starting in 1900, De Soto prospected Alaskan grounds, including the area opposite Council City. In 1902, De Soto travelled to Council City and bought Шаблон:Convert of land opposite the town for the De Soto Placer and Mining Company. The lands were widely known for their rich deposits of pay gravel (gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals), and were in fact considered the best in the world in terms of mining at the time. Many businessmen passed on the opportunity to invest there, as it was a very large operation and demanded large investments. Several mining magnates eventually lost the opportunity to develop the area due to their procrastination in regard to purchase, but De Soto was confident in the success of the mining activity in the area from the start.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
After securing ground opposite Council City and increasing the company's stock, the De Soto Placer and Mining Company kept buying more mining property (by 1903 the company owned about Шаблон:Convert of land) and invested over $100,000 ($3,000,000 in 2021 dollars Шаблон:Refn) in mining machinery and equipment, including electric dredgers, steam shovels, and ten river barges. One of the best-known machines ordered by the company was a dredger from Hammond Company in Portland, Oregon (for $83,000)Шаблон:Sfn ($2,200,000Шаблон:Refn) and a large steam shovel.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At the time, the dredger and steam placer shovel were considered the largest in the world.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The company also owned and operated the steamships AurumШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Nugget.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In April 1903, De Soto chartered the steamer Jeanie to transport all of the company's machinery, equipment, and workers from Seattle to Golovnin Bay, and from there to Council City. The steamship's cargo, which weighed 1,300 tons, also included everything needed to outfit a 20-bed hospital, which De Soto later built in Council City. It was considered the largest cargo to have ever been shipped to Alaska, and the placer mining outfit was praised as the most complete of its time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Led by De Soto, the party on board Jeannie consisted of about 80 men, all workers of different capacity for the De Soto Placer and Mining Company.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Additionally, 500 tons of general freight was shipped on two schooners, the Seven Sisters and the Martha W. Tuft.Шаблон:Sfn Jeanie left Seattle on June 1, and by July 28 the cargo was successfully transported up the rivers from Golovnin Bay to the premises at Council City.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Upon his arrival to Council, De Soto acquired more grounds to work on, including area suitable for hydraulicking (the use of water under pressure to dislodge minerals and other material).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By the end of August, the company's equipment and machinery, including the famous dredger and steam shovel, were installed and the majority of it functioning.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The remaining machinery started to operate during the winter of 1903–1904.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1904, De Soto's famous dredger was in operation for eighteen hours a day generating $1,500 ($40,000Шаблон:Refn) in gold daily.Шаблон:Sfn
De Soto was considered the first to introduce dredge mining in the Council City area.Шаблон:Sfn
De Soto Mining Company downfall
In 1904, despite the fact that all previous surveys and prospecting showed the richness of the De Soto Company's grounds, and despite the management's complete confidence in success,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn later on only spots of rich deposits were found, and the company started experiencing problems.Шаблон:Sfn The company received a lawsuit regarding bankruptcy from one of their smaller investors, but it was soon dismissed in court.Шаблон:Sfn
Still, Alaskan management led by De Soto needed more funding to operate in 1904 and they asked Habecker, president of the De Soto Placer Mining Company, for additional investments. Habecker, who expected Alaskan property to earn the company thousands of dollars in the 1904 mining season, did not provide the money, but instead headed to Alaska to manage the business himself. Meanwhile, Alaskan managers borrowed $21,000 ($600,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn) from the Bank of Nome leaving a bill of sale for the dredger and steam shovel as a pledge.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A series of unsuccessful moves were made to receive additional funding and find money to pay the company's debts. The Bank of Nome eventually took the company's dredger, later selling it to the Northern Light Mining Company for about $31,000 ($800,000Шаблон:Refn).Шаблон:Sfn
Habecker noted mismanagement on De Soto and other Alaskan managers' parts and upon his arrival to Alaska applied to the court to appoint a receiver for the company. The receiver was appointed, but at this point the company's debt was appraised at about $125,000 (3,000,000Шаблон:Refn), the majority in debt to laborers.Шаблон:Sfn
Later mining activity
Despite the fact that his company's downfall was later referred to as a disaster,Шаблон:Sfn De Soto was still largely engaged in the mining business in Alaska and California in 1906.Шаблон:Sfn With the help of Eskimos, De Soto found Itak Mountain, known as a rich deposit of cinnabar, for which he had been searching a long time. He became the first man to find cinnabar deposits in the Council City district. Together with a companion, Axel Young, De Soto secured 22 claims. Later, De Soto also discovered hot springs with medicinal properties.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1906, De Soto was still highly appraised in mining circles and was said to be immensely wealthy.Шаблон:Sfn
Other mining activity
De Soto was the biggest shareholder of the Philadelphia Crude Ore Company, located on Unalaska Island; it was considered the biggest sulphur deposit of the time. He was the majority share-holder and president of the Alaska Iron Company, which owned properties near Haynes Mission and sold 50 million tons of iron to great profit.Шаблон:Sfn
Transportation business (1902–1903)
Snohomish County railway system
Along with mining, De Soto was successful in the railroad business.Шаблон:Sfn In 1902, De Soto was granted a "blanket" franchise from the Board of Snohomish County Commissioners to build, maintain, and operate water power plants and an electric railway system (railroads, trolley and other lines), extending it to any part of Snohomish County. De Soto and his companions, including J. J. Habecker (his partner in other establishments in Washington and AlaskaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn) also acquired a franchise for an electric road between Everett and Snohomish. They were ready to invest $5,000,000 ($130,000,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn) in the enterprise, and first required to provide a bond of $10,000 ($300,000Шаблон:Refn) as evidence of good faith. Work on the Шаблон:Convert electric road was to begin in the six months following franchise acquisition.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
For this project, De Soto founded the Everett & Snohomish Rapid Transit Company. In 1902, De Soto and Habecker owned water rights for over Шаблон:Convert of the Шаблон:Convert Sultan River, including nine waterfalls standing from Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert feet high. The partners decided to use that water power for the future railroad.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By the time they acquired all the necessary franchises, the construction for five wooden rockfilled dams and one steel dam on the Sultan River had already started.Шаблон:Sfn
The plans of the new railroad system were ambitious: an eight-mile line between Everett and Snohomish, Шаблон:Convert dragged to Seattle, and later stretched east to Sultan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On June 17, 1902, the survey for the new railway line began in Sultan, and was to end in Everett. Construction work was to begin in Lowell (outskirts of Everett), connecting to Everett via the already-existing Everett Street Railway and Electric Company's line. The company had granted De Soto line-transit privileges.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In April 1903, it was stated that the construction works for the Everett-Snohomish line seriously interfered with traffic in the area and that the franchise had never been secured by the promised bond of $10,000 ($300,000Шаблон:Refn). County commissioners prepared a lawsuit to stop the construction.Шаблон:Sfn
Transportation in Alaska
In 1902, the Bering Sea & Council City Mining Company was incorporated, and De Soto became one of its officers. That same year, the company outlined the construction of the Bering Sea & Council City Railway, of which De Soto was president. He personally managed the topographical surveys.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The company received a grant from the government to build Шаблон:Convert of railroad, starting in Nome and ending at the Niukluk River near Council City. The road tan through land considered to be the richest mining property in Alaska. Later, the road's route was changed to extend to Chinick (later Golovin, Alaska). De Soto believed the railroad would spur the commercial growth of Northwestern Alaska. Although there were small railway lines in the area, the new road was considered the first railroad in Northwestern Alaska. When planning was complete, the railroad was appraised at $7,000,000 ($200,000,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1903, De Soto owned the De Soto Transportation Company, which owned and operated the river steamer Aurum and a number of barges working the Шаблон:Convert route between Golovnin Bay and Council City.Шаблон:Sfn
Other businesses
In 1907, the Bering Sea Commercial Company was established to engage in the Bering Sea whaling business with capital of $5,000,000 ($130,000,000Шаблон:Refn) from investors from Chicago. De Soto sold some valuable land to the company and became its promoter and general manager.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Personal life
In early life, De Soto travelled the world extensively, visiting Germany, Sweden, France, Chile, Peru, and England, until he finally settled in New York and then in Seattle. Prior to settling in Seattle, De Soto had briefly visited the city in 1867. De Soto also owned a house in Boston.Шаблон:Sfn
As De Soto was a surgeon in Alaska in 1867, for a period of time it was believed that he was the oldest Alaskan pioneer in Seattle, but in 1904, another Alaskan pioneer, Fred M. Smith, claimed this title (he worked as superintendent for the Western Union Company's telegraph line in Alaska in 1865).Шаблон:Sfn
According to an article printed during De Soto's life, he married a daughter of former Senator Jesse Crane and had two children, a daughter and son, both of whom died young from black diphtheria. De Soto's wife lost her mind and was put in a private asylum.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, later articles reported that De Soto married a woman named Irene De Soto,Шаблон:Sfn and had a daughter, Ruth De Soto Herold, who lived longer than her father and resided in Honolulu in 1960.Шаблон:Sfn
In his early years, De Soto was acquainted with Giuseppe Garibaldi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1898, De Soto joined the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Seattle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1900, he co-founded the Seattle Benevolent Society.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1906, De Soto set the record for the largest polar bear skin ever brought from Alaska. Its length was Шаблон:Convert. Several bidders tried to buy it from De Soto for sums up to $1,000 ($30,000 in 2021 dollarsШаблон:Refn), but he kept it.Шаблон:Sfn
De Soto was attacked by robbers several times during his life. In 1911, he was shot in the leg on the street by a stranger who attempted to rob him. De Soto testified that he had seen the man before, but the criminal wasn't caught and supposedly left town after the attack.Шаблон:Sfn In 1902, De Soto was robbed again; afterwards, he got a gun permit and bought a gun. In 1925, De Soto was again attacked by four men in San Francisco, and shot one of them dead. Later, he was attacked by robbers in South Brooklyn; De Soto was unarmed, and the criminals took $185 from him. Two men were eventually charged with the crime and confessed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
At the age of 93 in 1934, De Soto received a suspended jail sentence for five days for disorderly conduct after interfering with police activity while they were trying to arrest De Soto's employee.Шаблон:Sfn
Death
De Soto died on November 11, 1936, after falling overboard into Brooklyn's Gowanus Bay in New York. At the time, he worked as dietician on the private yacht Centaur. He left the yacht for a shore visit and fell into the water while coming back. He died in an ambulance on the way to Norwegian Hospital. He was buried in Seattle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
Literature cited
Шаблон:Refbegin Шаблон:Sort list Шаблон:Refend
External links
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