Английская Википедия:Alexanderplatz
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Coord
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de) (Шаблон:Lang-en) is a large public square and transport hub in the central Mitte district of Berlin. The square is named after the Russian Tsar Alexander I, which also denotes the larger neighbourhood stretching from Шаблон:Lang in the north-east to Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang in the south-west.
Шаблон:Lang is reputedly the most visited area of Berlin, beating Friedrichstrasse and City West. It is a popular starting point for tourists, with many attractions including the Шаблон:Lang (TV tower), the Nikolai Quarter and the Шаблон:Lang ('Red City Hall') situated nearby. Шаблон:Lang is still one of Berlin's major commercial areas, housing various shopping malls, department stores and other large retail locations.
History
Early history to the 18th century
A hospital stood at the location of present-day Шаблон:Lang since the 13th century. Named Шаблон:Lang (St. George), the hospital gave its name to the nearby Шаблон:Lang (George Gate) of the Berlin city wall. Outside the city walls, this area was largely undeveloped until around 1400, when the first settlers began building thatched cottages. As a gallows was located close by, the area earned the nickname the Шаблон:Lang ('Devil's Pleasure Garden').[1]
The George Gate became the most important of Berlin's city gates during the 16th century, being the main entry point for goods arriving along the roads to the north and north-east of the city, for example from Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, and the big Hanseatic cities on the Baltic Sea.
After the Thirty Years' War, the city wall was strengthened. From 1658 to 1683, a citywide fortress was constructed to plans by the Linz master builder, Шаблон:Lang. The new fortress contained 13 bastions connected by ramparts and was preceded by a moat measuring up to Шаблон:Convert wide. Within the new fortress, many of the historic city wall gates were closed. For example, the southeastern Шаблон:Lang Gate was closed but the Georgian Gate remained open, making the Georgian Gate an even more important entrance to the city.
In 1681, the trade of cattle and pig fattening was banned within the city. Frederick William, the Great Elector, granted cheaper plots of land, waiving the basic interest rate, in the area in front of the Georgian Gate. Settlements grew rapidly and a weekly cattle market was established on the square in front of the Gate.
The area developed into a suburb – the Шаблон:Lang – which continued to flourish into the late 17th century. Unlike the southwestern suburbs (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) which were strictly and geometrically planned, the suburbs in the northeast (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang) proliferated without plan. Despite a building ban imposed in 1691, more than 600 houses existed in the area by 1700.
At that time, the George Gate was a rectangular gatehouse with a tower. Next to the tower stood a remaining tower from the original medieval city walls. The upper floors of the gatehouse served as the city jail.[2] A drawbridge spanned the moat and the gate was locked at nightfall by the garrison using heavy oak planks.
A highway ran through the cattle market to the northeast towards Шаблон:Lang. To the right stood the George chapel, an orphanage and a hospital that was donated by the Elector Sophie Dorothea in 1672. Next to the chapel stood a dilapidated medieval plague house which was demolished in 1716. Behind it was a rifleman's field and an inn, later named the Шаблон:Lang.
By the end of the 17th century, 600 to 700 families lived in this area. They included butchers, cattle herders, shepherds and dairy farmers. The George chapel was upgraded to the George church and received its own preacher.
Шаблон:Lang (1701–1805)
After his coronation in Шаблон:Lang on 6 May 1701 the Prussian King Frederick I entered Berlin through the George Gate. This led to the gate being renamed the King's Gate, and the surrounding area became known in official documents as Шаблон:Lang (King's Gate Square). The Шаблон:Lang suburb was renamed Шаблон:Lang (or 'royal suburbs' short).
In 1734, the Berlin Customs Wall, which initially consisted of a ring of palisade fences, was reinforced and grew to encompass the old city and its suburbs, including Шаблон:Lang. This resulted in the King's Gate losing importance as an entry point for goods into the city. The gate was finally demolished in 1746.
By the end of the 18th century, the basic structure of the royal suburbs of the Шаблон:Lang had been developed. It consisted of irregular-shaped blocks of buildings running along the historic highways which once carried goods in various directions out of the gate. At this time, the area contained large factories (silk and wool), such as the Шаблон:Lang (one of Berlin's first cloth factories, located in a former barn) and a workhouse established in 1758 for beggars and homeless people, where the inmates worked a man-powered treadmill to turn a mill.[3]
Soon, military facilities came to dominate the area, such as the 1799–1800 military parade grounds designed by David Gilly. At this time, the residents of the Шаблон:Lang were mostly craftsmen, petty-bourgeois, retired soldiers and manufacturing workers.[3] The southern part of the later Шаблон:Lang was separated from traffic by trees and served as a parade ground, whereas the northern half remained a market. Beginning in the mid-18th century, the most important wool market in Germany was held in Шаблон:Lang.
Between 1752 and 1755, the writer Шаблон:Lang lived in a house on Alexanderplatz. In 1771, a new stone bridge (the Шаблон:Lang) was built over the moat and in 1777 a colonnade-lined row of shops (Шаблон:Lang) was constructed by architect Шаблон:Lang. Between 1783 and 1784, seven three-storey buildings were erected around the square by Шаблон:Lang, including the famous Шаблон:Lang, where Шаблон:Lang lived as a permanent tenant and Шаблон:Lang stayed in the days before his suicide.
Шаблон:Lang (1805–1900)
On 25 October 1805 the Russian Tsar Alexander I was welcomed to the city on the parade grounds in front of the old King's Gate. To mark this occasion, on 2 November, King Frederick William III ordered the square to be renamed Шаблон:Lang:[4] Шаблон:BlockquoteIn the southeast of the square, the cloth factory buildings were converted into the Шаблон:Lang Theater by Шаблон:Lang at a cost of 120,000 Taler. The foundation stone was laid on 31 August 1823 and the opening ceremony occurred on 4 August 1824. Sales were poor, forcing the theatre to close on 3 June 1851. Thereafter, the building was used for wool storage, then as a tenement building, and finally as an inn called Шаблон:Lang until the building's demolition in 1932.
During these years, Шаблон:Lang was populated by fish wives, water carriers, sand sellers, rag-and-bone men, knife sharpeners and day laborers.[4]
Because of its importance as a transport hub, horse-drawn buses ran every 15 minutes between Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in 1847.[5]
During the March Revolution of 1848, large-scale street fighting occurred on the streets of Шаблон:Lang, where revolutionaries used barricades to block the route from Шаблон:Lang to the city.
Novelist and poet Шаблон:Lang, who worked in the vicinity in a nearby pharmacy, participated in the construction of barricades and later described how he used materials from the Шаблон:Lang Theater to barricade Шаблон:Lang.[7]
The Шаблон:Lang continued to grow throughout the 19th century, with three-storey developments already existing at the beginning of the century and fourth storeys being constructed from the middle of the century. By the end of the century, most of the buildings were already five storeys high. The large factories and military facilities gave way to housing developments (mainly rental housing for the factory workers who had just moved into the city) and trading houses.
At the beginning of the 1870s, the Berlin administration had the former moat filled to build the Berlin city railway, which was opened in 1882 along with Шаблон:Lang ('Шаблон:Lang Railway Station').
In 1883–1884, the Grand Hotel, a neo-Renaissance building with 185 rooms and shops beneath was constructed. From 1886 to 1890, Шаблон:Lang built the police headquarters, a huge brick building whose tower on the northern corner dominated the building. In 1890, a district court at Шаблон:Lang was also established.
In 1886, the local authorities built a central market hall west of the rail tracks, which replaced the weekly market on the Шаблон:Lang in 1896. During the end of the 19th century, the emerging private traffic and the first horse bus lines dominated the northern part of the square, the southern part (the former parade ground) remained quiet, having green space elements added by garden director Шаблон:Lang in 1889. The northwest of the square contained a second, smaller green space where, in 1895, the Шаблон:Convert copper Berolina statue by sculptor Шаблон:Lang was erected.
Between Empire and the Nazi era (1900–1940)
At the beginning of the 20th century, Шаблон:Lang experienced its heyday. In 1901, Шаблон:Lang founded the first German cabaret, the Шаблон:Lang, in the former Шаблон:Lang ('Secession stage') at Шаблон:Lang, initially under the name Шаблон:Lang. It was announced as "Шаблон:Lang as upscale entertainment with artistic ambitions. Emperor-loyal and market-oriented stands the uncritical amusement in the foreground."
The merchants Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang opened large department stores on Шаблон:Lang: Шаблон:Lang (1904–1911), Шаблон:Lang (1910–1911) and Шаблон:Lang (1911). Шаблон:Lang marketed itself as a department store for the Berlin people, whereas Шаблон:Lang modelled itself as a department store for the world.
In October 1905, the first section of the Шаблон:Lang department store opened to the public. It was designed by architects [[Cremer and Wolffenstein|Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang]], who had already won second prize in the competition for the construction of the Шаблон:Lang building. The Шаблон:Lang department store underwent further construction phases and, in 1911, had a commercial space of Шаблон:Convert and the longest department store façade in the world at Шаблон:Convert in length.[8]
For the construction of the Шаблон:Lang department store, by architects Шаблон:Ill and Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang were removed in 1910 and now stand in the Шаблон:Lang Park in Шаблон:Lang.
In October 1908, the Шаблон:Lang ('house of teachers') was opened next to the Шаблон:Lang at Шаблон:Lang. It was designed by Шаблон:Lang and Henry Gross. The building belonged to the Шаблон:Lang ('teachers’ association'), who rented space on the ground floor of the building out to a pastry shop and restaurant to raise funds for the association. The building housed the teachers' library which survived two world wars, and today is integrated into the library for educational historical research.[8] The rear of the property contained the association's administrative building, a hotel for members and an exhibition hall. Notable events that took place in the hall include the funeral services for Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang on 2 February 1919 and, on 4 December 1920, the Шаблон:Lang (Unification Party Congress) of the Communist Party and the USPD.
The First Ordinary Congress of the Communist Workers Party of Germany was held in the nearby Шаблон:Lang restaurant, 1–4 August 1920.
Шаблон:Lang's position as a main transport and traffic hub continued to fuel its development. In addition to the three Шаблон:Lang underground lines, long-distance trains and Шаблон:Lang trains ran along the Шаблон:Lang's viaduct arches. Omnibuses, horse-drawn from 1877 and, after 1898, also electric-powered trams,[9] ran out of Шаблон:Lang in all directions in a star shape. The subway station was designed by Alfred Grenander and followed the colour-coded order of subway stations, which began with green at Шаблон:Lang and ran through to dark red.
In the Golden Twenties, Шаблон:Lang was the epitome of the lively, pulsating cosmopolitan city of Berlin, rivalled in the city only by Шаблон:Lang. Many of the buildings and rail bridges surrounding the platz bore large billboards that illuminated the night. The Berlin cigarette company Manoli had a famous billboard at the time which contained a ring of neon tubes that constantly circled a black ball. The proverbial "Шаблон:Lang" of those years was characterized as "Шаблон:Lang". Writer Шаблон:Lang wrote a poem referencing the advert, and the composer Rudolf Nelson made the legendary Шаблон:Lang with the dancer Lucie Berber. The writer Шаблон:Lang named his novel, Шаблон:Lang, after the square, and Шаблон:Lang filmed parts of his 1927 film Шаблон:Lang (Berlin: The Symphony of the Big City) at Шаблон:Lang.
Destruction of Шаблон:Lang (1940–1945)
One of Berlin's largest air-raid shelters during the Second World War was situated under Шаблон:Lang. It was built between 1941 and 1943 for the Шаблон:Lang by Шаблон:Lang.[10]
The war reached Шаблон:Lang in early April 1945. The Berolina statue had already been removed in 1944 and probably melted down for use in arms production. During the Battle of Berlin, Red Army artillery bombarded the area around Шаблон:Lang. The battles of the last days of the war destroyed considerable parts of the historic Шаблон:Lang, as well as many of the buildings around Шаблон:Lang.
The Шаблон:Lang had entrenched itself within the tunnels of the underground system. Hours before fighting ended in Berlin on 2 May 1945, troops of the SS detonated explosives inside the north–south Шаблон:Lang tunnel under the [[Landwehr Canal|Шаблон:Lang Canal]] to slow the advance of the Red Army towards Berlin's city centre. The entire tunnel flooded, as well as large sections of the Шаблон:Lang network via connecting passages at the Шаблон:Lang underground station. Many of those seeking shelter in the tunnels were killed.[10] Of the then Шаблон:Convert of subway tunnel, around Шаблон:Convert were flooded with more than one million cubic meters (Шаблон:Convert) of water.
Demolition and reconstruction (1945–1964)
Before a planned reconstruction of the entire Шаблон:Lang could take place, all the war ruins needed to be demolished and cleared away. A popular black market emerged within the ruined area, which the police raided several times a day.
One structure demolished after World War II was the 'Rote Burg', a red brick building with round arches, previously used as police and Gestapo headquarters. The huge construction project began in 1886 and was completed in 1890; it was one of Berlin's largest buildings. The 'castle' suffered extensive damage during 1944-45 and was demolished in 1957. The site on the southwest corner of Alexanderplatz remained largely unused as a carpark until the Alexa shopping centre opened in 2007.[11]
Reconstruction planning for post-war Berlin gave priority to the dedicated space to accommodate the rapidly growing motor traffic in inner-city thoroughfares. This idea of a traffic-orientated city was already based on considerations and plans by Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang from the 1930s.[10]
East Germany
Шаблон:Lang has been subject to redevelopment several times in its history, most recently during the 1960s, when it was turned into a pedestrian zone and enlarged as part of the German Democratic Republic's redevelopment of the city centre. It is surrounded by several notable structures including the Шаблон:Lang (TV Tower).
During the Peaceful Revolution of 1989, the [[Alexanderplatz demonstration|Шаблон:Lang demonstration]] on 4 November 1989 was the largest demonstration in the history of the German Democratic Republic. Protests starting 15 October and peaked on 4 November with an estimated 200,000 participants who called on the government of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany to step down and demanded a free press, the opening of the borders and their right to travel. Speakers were Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. The protests continued and culminated in the unexpected Fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989.[12]
After German reunification (1989)
Ever since German reunification, Шаблон:Lang has undergone a gradual process of change with many of the surrounding buildings being renovated. After the political turnaround in the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall, socialist urban planning and architecture of the 1970s no longer corresponded to the current ideas of an inner-city square. Investors demanded planning security for their construction projects. After initial discussions with the public, the goal quickly arose to reinstate Шаблон:Lang's tram network for better connections to surrounding city quarters. In 1993, an urban planning ideas competition for architects took place to redesign the square and its surrounding area.Шаблон:Cn
In the first phase, there were 16 submissions, five of which were selected for the second phase of the competition. These five architects had to adapt their plans to detailed requirements. For example, the return of the Alex's trams was planned, with the implementation to be made in several stages.
The winner, who was determined on 17 September 1993, was the Berlin architect Шаблон:Lang. Шаблон:Lang's plan was based on Behrens’ design, provided a horseshoe-shaped area of seven- to eight-storey buildings and Шаблон:Convert high towers with 42 floors. The Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang – both listed buildings – would form the southwestern boundary. Second place went to the design by Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. The proposal of the architecture firm Kny & Weber, which was strongly based on the horseshoe shape of Wagner, finally won the third place. The design by Шаблон:Lang was chosen on 7 June 1994 by the Berlin Senate as a basis for the further transformation of Шаблон:Lang.
In 1993, architect Шаблон:Lang's master plan for a major redevelopment including the construction of several skyscrapers was published.[13]
In 1995, Шаблон:Lang completed the renovation of the Шаблон:Lang. In 1998, the first tram returned to Шаблон:Lang, and in 1999, the town planning contracts for the implementation of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang's plans were signed by the landowners and the investors.Шаблон:Cn
21st century
On 2 April 2000, the Senate finally fixed the development plan for Шаблон:Lang. The purchase contracts between investors and the Senate Department for Urban Development were signed on 23 May 2002, thus laying the foundations for the development.Шаблон:Cn
The CUBIX multiplex cinema (CineStar Cubix am Alexanderplatz,[14] styled CUBIX[15]), which opened in November 2000, joined the team of Berlin International Film Festival cinemas in 2007, and the festival shows films on three of its screens.[16]
Renovation of the Шаблон:Lang department store began in 2004, led by Berlin professor of architecture, Шаблон:Lang and his son Шаблон:Lang. The building was enlarged by about Шаблон:Convert and has since operated under the name Шаблон:Lang.
Beginning with the reconstruction of the Шаблон:Lang department store in 2004, and the biggest underground railway station of Berlin, some buildings were redesigned and new structures built on the square's south-eastern side. Sidewalks were expanded to shrink one of the avenues, a new underground garage was built, and commuter tunnels meant to keep pedestrians off the streets were removed.[13] Between 2005 and 2006, Шаблон:Lang was renovated and later became a branch of the clothing chain, C&A.Шаблон:Cn
In 2005, the Шаблон:Lang began work to extend the tram line from Шаблон:Lang to Шаблон:Lang (Alex II). This route was originally to be opened in 2000 but was postponed several times. After further delays caused by the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the route opened on 30 May 2007.Шаблон:Cn
In February 2006, the redesign of the walk-in plaza began. The redevelopment plans were provided by the architecture firm Gerkan, Marg and Partners and the Hamburg-based company Шаблон:Lang. The final plans emerged from a design competition launched by the state of Berlin in 2004. However, the paving work was temporarily interrupted a few months after the start of construction by the 2006 FIFA World Cup and all excavation pits had to be provisionally asphalted over. The construction work could only be completed at the end of 2007.
The renovation of Шаблон:Lang, the largest Berlin underground station, had been ongoing since the mid-1990s and was finally completed in October 2008.[17]
The Шаблон:Lang was given a pavement of yellow granite, bordered by grey mosaic paving around the buildings. Wall AG modernized the 1920s-era underground toilets at a cost of 750,000 euros. The total redesign cost amounted to around 8.7 million euros.Шаблон:WhenШаблон:Cn
On 12 September 2007 the Alexa shopping centre opened. It is located in the immediate vicinity of the Шаблон:Lang, on the site of the old Berlin police headquarters. With a Шаблон:Convert sales area, it is one of the largest shopping centres in Berlin.
In May 2007, the Texas property development company Hines began building a six-story commercial building named Шаблон:Lang. The building was built on a plot of Шаблон:Convert, which, according to the Шаблон:Lang plans, closes the square to the east and thus reduces the area of the Platz. The building was opened on 25 March 2009.Шаблон:Cn
At the beginning of 2007, the construction company Шаблон:Lang created an underground garage with three levels below the Шаблон:Lang, located between the hotel tower and the Шаблон:Lang building, which cost 25 million euros to build and provides space for around 700 cars.[18] The opening took place on 26 November 2010.[19] At the same time, the Senate narrowed Шаблон:Lang from almost Шаблон:Cvt wide to Шаблон:Cvt wide (Шаблон:Convert), thus reducing it to three lanes in each direction.Шаблон:Cn
Behind the Шаблон:Lang station, next to the CUBIX cinema in the immediate vicinity of the TV tower, the Шаблон:Convert high residential and commercial building, Alea 101, was built between 2012 and 2014.[20]
As of 2014 it as assessed that due to a lack of demand the skyscrapers planned in 1993 were unlikely to be constructed.[13]
In January 2014, a 39-story residential tower designed by Frank Gehry was announced, but this project was put on hold in 2018.[21] The Шаблон:Lang area is the largest area for crime in Berlin. As of October 2017, Шаблон:Lang was classified a Шаблон:Lang ("crime-contaminated location") by the Шаблон:Lang (General Safety and Planning Laws).[22]
Today and future plans
Despite the reconstruction of the tram line crossing, it has retained its socialist character, including the much-graffitied Шаблон:Ill, a popular venue.Шаблон:Cn
Шаблон:Lang is reputedly the most visited area of Berlin, beating Friedrichstrasse and City West.[23] It is a popular starting point for tourists, with many attractions including the Шаблон:Lang (TV tower), the Nikolai Quarter and the Шаблон:Lang ('Red City Hall') situated nearby. Шаблон:Lang is still one of Berlin's major commercial areas, housing various shopping malls, department stores and other large retail locations.
Many historic buildings are located in the vicinity of Шаблон:Lang. The traditional seat of city government, the Шаблон:Lang, or 'Red City Hall', is located nearby, as was the former East German parliament building, the Шаблон:Lang. The Шаблон:Lang was demolished from 2006–2008 to make room for a full reconstruction of the Baroque Berlin Palace, or Шаблон:Lang, which is set to open in 2019.[24][25]
Шаблон:Lang is also the name of the S-Bahn and U-Bahn stations there. It is one of Berlin's largest and most important transportation hubs, being a meeting place of three subway (Шаблон:Lang) lines, three Шаблон:Lang lines, and many tram and bus lines, as well as regional trains.
It also accommodates the Park Inn Berlin and the World Time Clock, a continually rotating installation that shows the time throughout the globe, the House of Travel, and Шаблон:Lang's Шаблон:Lang (House of Teachers)'.
Long-term plans exist for the demolition of the Шаблон:Convert high former Шаблон:Lang (now the Hotel Park-Inn), with the site to be replaced by three skyscrapers. If and when this plan will be implemented is unclear, especially since the hotel tower received a new façade as recently as in 2005, and the occupancy rates of the hotel are very good. However, the plans could give way in the next few years to a suggested Шаблон:Convert high new block conversion. The previous main tenant of the development, Saturn, moved into the Шаблон:Lang building in March 2009. In 2014, Primark opened a branch inside the hotel building.
The majority of the planned Шаблон:Convert high skyscrapers will probably never be built. The state of Berlin has announced that it will not enforce the corresponding urban development contracts against the market. Of the 13 planned skyscrapers, 10 remained as of 2008, after modifications to the plans – eight of which had construction rights.[26] Some investors in the Alexa shopping centre announced several times since 2007 that they would sell their respective shares in the plot to an investor interested in building a high-rise building.[27]
The first concrete plans for the construction of a high-rise were made by Hines, the investor behind die mitte. In 2009, the construction of a Шаблон:Convert high tower to be built behind die mitte was announced. On 12 September 2011, a slightly modified development plan was presented, which provided for a residential tower housing 400 apartments. In early 2013, the development plan was opened to the public.[28]
In autumn 2015, the Berlin Senate organized two forums in which interested citizens could express their opinions on the proposed changes to the Шаблон:Lang. Architects, city planners and Senate officials held open discussions. On that occasion, however, it was reiterated that the plans for high-rise developments were not up for debate. According to the master plan of the architect Шаблон:Lang, up to eleven huge buildings will continue to be built, which will house a mixture of shops and apartments.[29]
Roads and public transport
During the post-war reconstruction of the 1960s, Шаблон:Lang was completely pedestrianized. Since then, trams were reintroduced to the area in 1998.
[[Berlin Alexanderplatz station|Шаблон:Lang station]] provides Шаблон:Lang connections, access to the U2, U5 and U8 subway lines, regional train lines for DB Regio and ODEG services and, on weekends, the Шаблон:Lang (HBX). Several tram and bus lines also service the area.
The following main roads connect to Шаблон:Lang:
- Northwest: Шаблон:Lang (federal highways B 2 and B 5)
- Northeast: Шаблон:Lang (B 2 and B 5)
- Southeast: Шаблон:Lang (B 1)
- Southwest (in front of the Шаблон:Lang station, in the pedestrian zone): Шаблон:Lang
Several arterial roads lead radially from Шаблон:Lang to the outskirts of Berlin. These include (clockwise from north to south-east):
- Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang (to Bundesstraße 96a)
- Шаблон:Lang – intersection Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang (main road 109 to the Шаблон:Lang triangle at the Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang (B 2) – (intersection Шаблон:Lang) – Шаблон:Lang (B 2 via Шаблон:Lang to the Шаблон:Lang junction at Шаблон:Lang)
Шаблон:Lang (B 1 and B 5) – Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang – Шаблон:Lang (B 1 and B 5 to Шаблон:Lang junction at Шаблон:Lang)
Structures
World Clock
Berolina
Fountain of Friendship
The Fountain of Friendship (Шаблон:Lang) was erected in 1970 during the redesign of Шаблон:Lang and inaugurated on October 7. It was created by Шаблон:Lang and his group of artists. Its water basin has a diameter of 23 meters, it is 6.20 meters high and is built from embossed copper, glass, ceramics and enamel. The water spurts from the highest point and then flows down in spirals over 17 shells, which each have a diameter between one and four meters. After German reunification, it was completely renovated in a metal art workshop during the reconstruction of the Шаблон:Lang.
Other
Apart from Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang is the only existing square in front of one of the medieval gates of Berlin's city wall.
Image gallery
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Шаблон:Lang, 1908 (left to right: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang)
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The World Clock with the Шаблон:Lang in the background
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Шаблон:Lang shopping mall
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Tram at Шаблон:Lang
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The World Clock and Park Inn hotel in the background
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Night view of the World Clock
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Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang
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Park Inn with a reflection from the Шаблон:Lang.
Further reading
- Weszkalnys, Gisa (2010). Berlin, Alexanderplatz: Transforming Place in a Unified Germany. Berghahn Books.
- Alexanderplatz: Plenty of Space for Free Speech. In: Sites of Unity (Haus der Geschichte), 2022.
External links
References
Шаблон:Berlin-Mitte Шаблон:Visitor attractions in Berlin Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, BZA, Teil 1: Foltergebühr: 10 Schillinge.
- ↑ Serie Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, T. 2: Rüger auf der Lauer.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Serie Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, T. 3: Tretmühle im Arbeitshaus.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Aus der Geschichte des Alexanderplatzes, T. 4: Taufe
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Theodor Fontane: Von Zwanzig bis Dreißig. Abschnitt Der achtzehnte März. Erstes Kapitel.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Hans-Joachim Pohl: Chronik des Straßenbahnverkehrs auf dem Alexanderplatz. In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter. Heft 1, 1999, S. 17–18
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Dalia Fahmy (27 May 2014), "25 Years After Communism, Eyesores Spur Landmark Debate" The Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Страницы с игнорируемыми отображаемыми названиями
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century
- 13th-century establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
- Articles containing video clips
- Mitte
- Squares in Berlin
- Zones of Berlin
- Cremer & Wolffenstein
- Alexander I of Russia
- Frederick William III of Prussia
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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