Английская Википедия:Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn

Шаблон:Infobox religious biography Шаблон:Shia Islam Ali al-Akbar ibn al-Husayn (Шаблон:Lang-ar), commonly known as simply Ali al-Akbar, was the son of Layla bint Abi Murra and Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shia imam and the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Aged between eighteen to twenty-five, Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, alongside his father and some seventy-two relatives and supporters, who fought against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign). In Shia Islam, Ali al-Akbar is commemorated as a brave youth martyred before he could marry, and celebrated for his striking resemblance, in appearance and manners, to his great-grandfather, the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Birth

Ali al-Akbar was born to Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shia imam. Husayn was a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia imam and also a cousin of Muhammad. All three men belonged to the Banu Hashim tribe. Mother of Ali al-Akbar was Layla, daughter of Abu Murra, who was the son of Urwa ibn Mas'ud, a companion of Muhammad from the Banu Thaqif tribe.Шаблон:Sfn The maternal grandmother of Ali al-Akbar, Maymuna, was the daughter of Abu Sufyan, chief of the Banu Umayya tribe.Шаблон:Sfn For this reason, the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign) apparently praised Ali al-Akbar as the most worthy of the caliphate, as he combined "the courage of the Banu Hashim, the generosity of the Banu Umayya, and the pride of the Banu Thaqif."Шаблон:Sfn Ali al-Akbar is often celebrated for his striking resemblance to Muhammad, both in appearance and manners,Шаблон:Sfn so much so that others looked at Ali al-Akbar whenever they missed Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn This similarity also explains the Persian epithet of Ali al-Akbar, Shabih-e Payghambar (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn

Ali al-Akbar (Шаблон:Lit) was the eldest son of Husayn, per majority of the early authorities,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn including the Sunni scholars Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) and the pro-Shia historian al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Ali al-Akbar was therefore older than Ali Zayn al-Abidin, the only son of Husayn who survived the Battle of Karbala.Шаблон:Sfn The Islamicist W. Madelung (Шаблон:Died in), however, thought that Zayn al-Abidin was the eldest son of Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn The birthdate of Ali al-Akbar is also disputed and his age at the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE is variously reported as 18,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn 19,Шаблон:Sfn 23,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn or 25.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Among all these reports, 25 might be the most likely age because his younger brother, Ali Zayn al-Abidin, was probably 23 years old at the time of Karbala.Шаблон:Sfn

Battle of Karbala and death (680)

Шаблон:See also

Accession of Yazid

In an appointment that violated earlier agreements with Husayn's brother Hasan,Шаблон:Sfn the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign) designated his son Yazid (Шаблон:Reign) as his successor in 676.Шаблон:Sfn Yazid is often presented by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and his nomination was indeed met with resistance at the time from sons of some prominent companions of Muhammad, including Husayn ibn Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession in 680, the latter instructed the governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force. Husayn thus Going to Mecca at night to reject recognizing Yazid as the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn He was accompanied by some relatives, including Ali al-Akbar.Шаблон:Sfn

Journey to Karbala

After receiving invitations from residents of Kufa, whose support were confirmed by his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil, Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 Dhu al-Hijja (10 or 12 September 680), accompanied by a few relatives and supporters.Шаблон:Sfn A tradition attributed to Husayn explains that he left to fight the tyranny of Yazid, even though it would cost his life, as reported in Шаблон:Transl, a biographical work by the prominent Shia scholar al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn also wrote in his will for his brother Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya that he had not set out to seek "corruption or oppression" but rather to "enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong."Шаблон:Sfn

On their way to Kufa, Husayn is said to have had a dream about the eminent deaths of his companions when he briefly fell asleep on his horse. He woke up reciting verse 2:156 of the Quran, "To God we belong, and to Him is our return," offering praise to God multiple times. Ali al-Akbar rode to him and learned about the dream, but welcomed his fate. This account appears in Шаблон:Transl, related by Uqba ibn Sam'an, who survived the Battle of Karbala.Шаблон:Sfn Soon afterward, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to camp in the desert land of Karbala on 2 Muharram 61 (2 October 680) away from water and fortifications.Шаблон:Sfn The promised Kufan support did not materialize as the new governor of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (Шаблон:Died in), captured and killed Muslim ibn Aqil, the envoy of Husayn, and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.Шаблон:Sfn

Water shortage

On 7 Muharram,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) cut off Husayn's access to the Euphrates river.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn's half-brother, Abbas ibn Ali, and some fifty companions were nevertheless able to bring back some water to Husayn's camp in a night sortie.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this attempt, the Islamicist L. Veccia Vaglieri (Шаблон:Died in) suggests that the camp suffered from thirst for the following three days.Шаблон:Sfn Among other experts, D. Pinault similarly writes that the camp suffered from hunger and thirst during the siege,Шаблон:Sfn particularly the many young children in the camp,Шаблон:Sfn and the opinion of A. Hamdar is close.Шаблон:Sfn Karbala has a hot desert climate.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Negotiations

Ibn Sa'd was instructed by Ibn Ziyad not to let Husayn leave unless he pledged his allegiance to Yazid.Шаблон:Sfn Husayn did not submit to Yazid,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn but evidently negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to be allowed to retreat and avoid bloodshed. The governor did not relent, however,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and finally ordered Ibn Sa'd to fight, kill, and disfigure Husayn and his supporters unless they pledged allegiance to Yazid, in which case their fate would be decided later.Шаблон:Sfn

Tasu'a

Ibn Sa'd decided to attack on Tasu'a (9 Muharram) after the afternoon prayer. As the Umayyad army approached, however, Husayn dispatched Abbas and some other companions, who convinced Ibn Sa'd to delay the confrontation until the following day.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn now besieged his followers in a speech to leave and not risk their lives for his sake, after which Abbas was the first to renew his support, saying that he would follow his brother in life or death.Шаблон:Sfn Nearly all those present stayed with Husayn until the end.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn and his companions spent that night praying and reciting the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn as reported by the Shia jurist Ibn Tawus (Шаблон:Died in) and in most Шаблон:Transliteration works.Шаблон:Sfn

Ashura

On the morning of Ashura (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his supporters, some seventy-two men.Шаблон:Sfn He then spoke to the enemy lines and asked them why they considered it lawful to kill the grandson of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Probably after this speech, the Umayyad commander al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi defected to Husayn's side.Шаблон:Sfn The Umayyad army then showered the camp with arrows,Шаблон:Sfn thus commencing the battle which lasted from morning till sunset and consisted of incidents of single combat, at least throughout the morning,Шаблон:Sfn skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.Шаблон:Sfn By the early afternoon, however, the Umayyad army had encircled the camp,Шаблон:Sfn and the companions had all fallen.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

Файл:Ashoora.jpg

Husayn standing over the body of his dead son, Ali al-Akbar, in a reenactment of Ashura in Bahrain

Among the Alids, that is, the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Ali a-Akbar was the first to receive permission to fight and enter the battlefield.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The accounts presented in popular literature, however, sometimes place him among the last to be killed. For instance, Ali is presented as the seventeenth casualty in Шаблон:Transl by Husayn Kashifi (Шаблон:Died in), the Timurid-era poet and preacher.Шаблон:Sfn Ali al-Akbar is said to have charged multiple times at the enemy lines. After one of his charges, he returned from the battlefield, injured and parched with thirst, and complained of thirst. Husayn consoled him that his thirst would soon be quenched at the hands of his great-grandfather Muhammad. Ali al-Akbar then returned to fight and was finally felled by Murra ibn Sa'd, who is said to have struck Ali from behind. He fell and was surrounded by Umayyad soldiers who "cut him to pieces." In most reports, his killer is named Murra ibn Munqidh al-Abdi,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who later survived a revenge attempt by the pro-Alid revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi (Шаблон:Died in), but was severely wounded.Шаблон:Sfn A grief-stricken Husayn wept over the body of his dead son and,Шаблон:Sfn and lamented, "The world has ended," and, "There will be [only] dust on the world after you," according to Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn's sister Zaynab rushed there too and Husayn finally returned to the camp with her inconsolable sister. He then asked other young men to carry the body of Ali al-Akbar back to the camp.Шаблон:Sfn

The battle ended when the lone-standing Husayn was killed in the afternoon.Шаблон:Sfn The severed heads of Ali al-Akbar and others were afterward taken to Ibn Ziyad in Kufa and then to Yazid in Damascus, where his head was likely buried in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery.Шаблон:Sfn The women and children, taken captive after the battle, were marched alongside to Kufa and then Damascus.Шаблон:Sfn

Shrine

Файл:The shrine of Imam Hussain in Karbala.jpg

The shrine of Husayn and the nearby shrine of his half-brother Abbas in Karbala, Iraq

The fallen supporters of Husayn were buried by some men of the Banu Asad tribe from the al-Ghadiriyya village. In particular, Ali al-Akbar was buried next to his father. Today, the two tombs are located under the central dome of the shrine of Husayn in the city of Karbala, in present-day Iraq.Шаблон:Sfn The city developed around the shrine and has become a destination for pilgrimage and a center for religious learning.Шаблон:Sfn There are also passages devoted to Ali al-Akbar in the supplications recited by pilgrims.Шаблон:Sfn He left no descendents.Шаблон:Sfn

Commemoration in Shia Islam

Following the precedents of Shia imams in mourning Husayn,Шаблон:Sfn Shia Muslims commemorate the Karbala events throughout the months of Muharram and Safar,Шаблон:Sfn particularly during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with processions in major Shia cities.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The main component of these ritual ceremonies (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Singular Шаблон:Transl) is the narration of the stories of Karbala,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn intended to raise sympathy and move the audience to tears.Шаблон:Sfn It is in this context that the memory of Ali al-Akbar is celebrated from the West Indies to Southeast Asia.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, in Iranian ritual passion-plays (Шаблон:Transls), Ali al-Akbar is often featured as an unfortunate brave youth who was martyred before he could marry. A parallel is thus drawn in Shia Islam between Abraham's sacrifice of his son Isma'il and Husayn's sacrifice of Ali al-Akbar.Шаблон:Sfn

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Authority control

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Английская Википедия:Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn

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