Английская Википедия:Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox religious biography Шаблон:Shia Islam Abd-Allah ibn al-Husayn (Шаблон:Lang-ar), also known as Ali al-Asghar (Шаблон:Lang-ar), was the youngest son of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and the third Shia Imam. A young child, likely an infant, he was killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, alongside his father, family members, and a small number of supporters, all of whom were massacred by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid (Шаблон:Reign), who first surrounded them for some days and cut off their access to the nearby river Euphrates. Abd-Allah is commemorated in Shia Islam as the quintessence symbol of the innocent victim.

Birth and background

Файл:Imam Hussain's child.jpg
Husayn imploring the Umayyad army for water for his infant son Ali al-Asghar, a common narrative in the Shia commemoration of the Battle of Karbala
Файл:Ali al-Asghar Conference.jpg
An act of commemoration for Ali al-Asghar

Abd-Allah was the youngest son of Husayn ibn Ali, the third Shia Imam.Шаблон:Sfn His mother Rubab was the first wife of Husayn and the daughter of Imra' al-Qais ibn Adi, a chief of the Banu Kalb tribe.Шаблон:Sfn Husayn's Шаблон:Transl, Abu Abd-Allah, probably refers to this son.Шаблон:Sfn His birthdate is not known with certainty,Шаблон:Sfn but he was a young child in the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE,Шаблон:Sfn likely an infant.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Late Shia sources commonly refer to Abd-Allah as Ali al-Asghar (Шаблон:Lit),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn as early as the Twelver jurist Ibn Shahrashub (Шаблон:Died in) in his biographical Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn This might be a reference to the tradition in which Husayn expressed his wish to name all his sons Ali after his father Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia Imam and the fourth caliph (Шаблон:Reign). Husayn indeed had two more sons named Ali, namely, Ali al-Akbar and Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-Abidin.Шаблон:Sfn There are further confusions as some Shia and Sunni authors variously refer to one of these two sons as Ali al-Asghar. Among them are the polymath Abu Hanifa Dinawari (Шаблон:Died in) and the fifteenth-century historian Hasan ibn Muhammad Qomi, the author of Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn

Battle of Karbala and death (680)

Husayn denounced the accession of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya in 680. When pressed by Yazid's agents to pledge his allegiance, Husayn first fled from his hometown of Medina to Mecca and later set off for Kufa in Iraq, accompanied by his family and a small group of supporters.Шаблон:Sfn Among them was Rubab, according to the Sunni historian Ibn al-Athir (Шаблон:Died in) in The Complete History.Шаблон:Sfn With her were her two children, Sakina and Abd-Allah,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who was at the time a young child,Шаблон:Sfn likely an infant, as reported by the early historian Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (Шаблон:Died in) in his biographical Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn and by the Shia-leaning historian al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in) in his Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn The tenth-century historian Abu Ali Bal'ami and the Twelver jurist Ibn Tawus (Шаблон:Died in) report the age of Abd-Allah as one year and six months, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn That he was an infant is the prevalent Shia view.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

The small caravan of Husayn was intercepted and massacred on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) in Karbala, near Kufa, by the Umayyad forces who first surrounded them for some days and cut off their access to the nearby river Euphrates.Шаблон:Sfn Abd-Allah was also killed during the battle by an arrow,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn though the manner of his death is uncertain. The Twelver theologian al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in) writes in his biographical Шаблон:Transl that Abd-Allah was killed in his father's arms by an arrow, as Husayn was preparing to leave his family and enter the battlefield.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The arrow also pierced Husayn's arm, adds the Hanafi scholar Husayn Kashefi (Шаблон:Died in) in his martyrology Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Husayn then dug a small grave with his sword and buried the child, according to the Shia author al-Muwaffaq al-Kharazmi of the biographical Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn The account in Шаблон:Transl is that Husayn brought Abd-Allah to the battlefield, held him up, and implored the enemy to have mercy on the thirsty children and allow them some water. The response was an arrow that killed Abd-Allah.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Шаблон:Transl reports that Abd-Allah was killed in his mother's arms,Шаблон:Sfn while the Sunni historian al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in) records that a badly wounded and surrounded Husayn had failed to reach the Euphrates when a man from the Banu Asad tribe shot and killed Abd-Allah in his father's lap.Шаблон:Sfn The man who killed Abd-Allah ibn Husayn is identified as Hani ibn Thabit Hadrami by al-Tabari, who adds that Harmala ibn Kahel killed Abd-Allah ibn Hasan, Husayn's nephew.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, some others report that it was Harmala who killed Abd-Allah ibn Husayn.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These authors include al-Mufid,Шаблон:Sfn Husayn Kashefi,Шаблон:Sfn and the Sunni historian al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) in his Genealogies of the Nobles.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

The battle ended when Husayn was beheaded, whereupon the Umayyad soldiers pillaged his camp,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and severed the heads of Husayn and his fallen companions, which they then raised on spears for display.Шаблон:Sfn The women and children were then taken captive and marched to Kufa and later the capital Damascus.Шаблон:Sfn The captives were paraded in the streets of Damascus,Шаблон:Sfn and then imprisoned for an unknown period of time.Шаблон:Sfn They were eventually freed by Yazid and returned to Medina.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Commemoration

Shia Muslims commemorate the events of Karbala throughout the months of Muharram and Safar,Шаблон:Sfn particularly during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on the tenth (Ashura) with processions in major Shia cities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The main component of these ritual ceremonies (Шаблон:Transl, Шаблон:Singular Шаблон:Transl) is the narration of the stories of Karbala,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn intended to raise sympathy and move the audience to tears.Шаблон:Sfn In the Shia commemoration of Karbala, Abd-Allah is represented as an innocent child who suffered unbearable thirst,Шаблон:Sfn described as "the quintessence of symbol of the innocent victim."Шаблон:Sfn His death carries perhaps the heaviest emotional weight for the Shia mourners,Шаблон:Sfn and replicas of his empty cradle are often present in mourning processions.Шаблон:Sfn Abd-Allah is also heavily featured in the verbal narratives of the ritual practices (Шаблон:Transl) and a complete Шаблон:Transl is sometimes dedicated to him.Шаблон:Sfn As an act of commemoration, Iranian mourners often dress their baby boys in white jacket and green headband, which is how Abd-Allah is often represented in religious paintings.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Шаблон:Columns-list

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Mourning of Muharram

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