Английская Википедия:Ali al-Hadi

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox religious biography Шаблон:Twelvers ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Hādī (Шаблон:Lang-ar Шаблон:Lrm; 828 – 868 CE) was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tenth Imam in Twelver Shia, succeeding his father, Muhammad al-Jawad (Шаблон:Died in). Born in Medina in 828, Ali is known with the titles al-Hādī (Шаблон:Lang-ar) and al-Naqī (Шаблон:Lang-ar). After the death of his father in 835, most followers of al-Jawad readily accepted the imamate of Ali, who was still a child at the time. Drawing parallels with the story of young Jesus in the Quran, Twelver sources attribute an exceptional innate knowledge to Ali which qualified him for the imamate despite his young age.

As with most of his predecessors, Ali al-Hadi kept aloof from politics until he was summoned around 848 from Medina to the capital Samarra by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (Шаблон:Reign), known for his hostility towards Shias. There al-Hadi was held under close surveillance until his death in 868 during the caliphate of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz (Шаблон:Reign). Still, he managed to communicate with an underground network of representatives who organized the financial and religious affairs of the Shia community on his behalf. Most Shia sources hold the Abbasids responsible for his death at the age of about forty through poison, with the notable exception of al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in). His image in Twelver sources is that of a pacifist, persecuted Imam who endured numerous attempts by members of the Abbasid court to humiliate and dishonor him. These sources also allege more serious incidents of house search, temporary imprisonment, and even murder plots against al-Hadi.

The restricted life of al-Hadi in Samarra marks the end of the direct leadership of the Shia community by the Imams. A theological treatise on free will and some other short texts are ascribed to al-Hadi. Some miracles are also attributed to al-Hadi in Twelver sources, which often emphasize his precognition about various incidents. After his death, the majority of his followers accepted the imamate of his son Hasan al-Askari, who was also detained in Samarra until his unexplained death a few years later. Some instead followed Ja'far, another son of al-Hadi, who became known as Ja'far al-Kadhab (Шаблон:Lit) in the Twelver sources. After the death of Ja'far, however, this branch was eventually absorbed within the mainstream Twelver Shia. The tombs of al-Hadi and his successor al-Askari are located in the al-Askari shrine in Samarra, modern-day Iraq. A sacred site for Shia pilgrims, the shrine has been targeted by Sunni militants as recently as 2007.

Titles

Ali ibn Muhammad, the tenth Imam in Twelve Imams, was known by the titles al-Hadi (Шаблон:Lang-ar) and al-Naqi (Шаблон:Lang-ar).Шаблон:Sfn He was also known as al-Mutawakkil (Шаблон:Lang-ar), but this title was perhaps rarely used to avoid confusion with the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn In view of their restricted life in the garrison town of Samarra under Abbasid surveillance, Ali and his son Hasan share the title al-Askari (Шаблон:Lang-ar).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ali al-Hadi is also cited in the Shia hadith literature as Abu al-Hasan al-Thalith (Шаблон:Lang-ar),Шаблон:Sfn so as to distinguish him from his predecessors, namely, Musa al-Kazim (Шаблон:Died in) and Ali al-Rida (Шаблон:Died in), the seventh and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn

Life

Birth (Шаблон:Circa)

Ali al-Hadi was born on 16 Dhu al-Hijja 212 AH (7 March 828 CE) in Sorayya, a village near Medina founded by his great-grandfather, Musa al-Kazim.Шаблон:Sfn There are also other given dates in the window of Dhu al-Hijja 212 AH (March 828) to Dhu al-Hijja 214 AH (February 830),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though these alternatives might be less reliable.Шаблон:Sfn It is also 15 Dhu al-Hijja that is annually celebrated by Shias for this occasion.Шаблон:Sfn Ali al-Hadi was the son of Muhammad al-Jawad (Шаблон:Died in), the ninth of the Twelve Imams, and his mother was Samana (or Susan), a freed slave ([[umm walad|Шаблон:Transliteration]]) of Maghrebi origin.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The historian Teresa Bernheimer considers it possible that Ali was instead born to Umm al-Fadl, a daughter of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (Шаблон:Reign),Шаблон:Sfn though this marriage is often considered without an issue.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As for his birthplace, the Shia-leaning historian al-Mas'udi (Шаблон:Died in) differs from the prevalent view. Шаблон:Transliteration, a collective biography of the Shia Imams attributed to him,Шаблон:Sfn reports that Ali was first taken to Medina sometime after 830, when al-Jawad and his family left Iraq to perform Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.Шаблон:Sfn

Reign of al-Mu'tasim (Шаблон:Reign)

Ali al-Hadi lived in Medina in this period.Шаблон:Sfn Probably summoned by al-Mu'tasim (Шаблон:Reign), his father al-Jawad and his wife Umm al-Fadl traveled to the Abbasid capital Baghdad in 835,Шаблон:Sfn leaving Ali behind in Medina.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad al-Jawad died in Baghdad in the same year,Шаблон:Sfn at the age of about twenty-five.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn During this short window, Shia sources accuse al-Mu'tasim of multiple attempts to discredit al-Jawad and finally murdering him by poison,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn while Sunni sources are silent about the cause of his death.Шаблон:Sfn Ali al-Hadi was about seven years old when his father died.Шаблон:Sfn Among others, multiple Shia accounts in Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration show Ali supernaturally alert the very moment his father died.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration is another early collective biography of Shia Imams, often attributed to the Twelver author Ibn Jarir ibn Rustam al-Tabari.Шаблон:Sfn

After the death of his father, the young Ali was likely placed by the Abbasids under hostile care.Шаблон:Sfn In these years, even Muhammad ibn Faraj, a trusted associate of the previous Shia Imams, was probably unable to directly contact Ali, as implied by a report in Шаблон:Transliteration,Шаблон:Sfn a seventeenth-century collection of Shia hadiths by the prominent Twelver scholar Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi (Шаблон:Died in). Шаблон:Transliteration reports that Umar ibn al-Faraj al-Rukhaji, an Abbasid official known for his hostility to Shias,Шаблон:Sfn visited Medina soon after the death of al-Jawad and placed Ali under the care of a non-Shia tutor, named Abu Abd-Allah al-Junaydi.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn This was intended to isolate Ali from Shias, to the point that Шаблон:Transliteration reports that he was kept under house arrest.Шаблон:Sfn The account in Шаблон:Transliteration also describes how al-Junaydi was so impressed with the knowledge of the child that he eventually became a Shia.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn This exceptional innate knowledge of the young Ali is also claimed by the prominent Twelver theologian al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in) in his biographical [[Kitab al-Irshad|Шаблон:Transliteration]], which is considered reliable and unexaggerated by most Shias.Шаблон:Sfn In connection to these reports, the Islamicist Matthew Pierce draws parallels with the Hebrew Psalms, Christian gospels, and the Quran, particularly the Quranic verse 3:46 about Jesus, "He will speak to people in the cradle."Шаблон:Sfn

Reign of al-Wathiq (Шаблон:Reign)

Ali al-Hadi emerged from isolation with the accession of the less hostile caliph al-Wathiq in 842, who had earlier led the funeral prayer for al-Jawad.Шаблон:Sfn The Shia community was relatively free in this period,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and the early historian Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (Шаблон:Died in) reports that stipends were given to the Alids,Шаблон:Sfn that is, the descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Шаблон:Died in), the first Shia Imam. An Alid himself, Ali al-Hadi was also less restricted in this period.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He engaged in teaching in Medina after reaching adulthood, possibly attracting a large number of students from Iraq, Persia, and Egypt, where the House of Muhammad traditionally found the most support.Шаблон:Sfn An account by Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar al-Ahwazi describes a visit to Ali al-Hadi in 228 AH (842-3) to deliver some goods, accompanied by his brother Ali.Шаблон:Sfn The two brothers were both trusted associates of al-Jawad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to the Islamicist Shona F. Wardrop, this may be an indication of the young Ali beginning to renew links with the loyal followers of his father, al-Jawad.Шаблон:Sfn In the next five years, Ali al-Hadi successfully established contact with representatives from several regions.Шаблон:Sfn An account in Шаблон:Transliteration from this period might show the political awareness of the young Ali, even though it has been given a miraculous aspect in some other sources.Шаблон:Sfn This account is dated 232 AH (846-7) and narrated by a servant in the court of al-Wathiq, named Khayran al-Khadim, whom Ali al-Hadi inquires about the caliph's health. Khayran tells him that al-Wathiq is dying, adding that the general view is that he would be succeeded by his son. Ali, however, correctly predicts the accession of the caliph's brother Ja'far al-Mutawakkil (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn

Reign of al-Mutawakkil (Шаблон:Reign)

Partly due to renewed Zaydite Shia opposition,Шаблон:Sfn al-Mutawakkil persecuted Mu'tazilites and Shias,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn to the point that even Sunni sources have noted his hostility towards Shias.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph may have imposed the penalty of death by flagellation on anyone who defamed the companions or the wives of the prophet,Шаблон:Sfn some of whom are viewed negatively in Shia.Шаблон:Sfn He also openly cursed Ali ibn Abi Talib and ordered a clown to ridicule Ali in his banquets, writes the Twelver scholar Muhammad H. Tabatabai (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn By his orders, the shrine of Ali's son, Husayn (Шаблон:Died in), was demolished in Karbala,Шаблон:Sfn water was turned upon the tomb, and the ground was plowed and cultivated to remove any trace of the tomb,Шаблон:Sfn so as to stop Shia pilgrimages to the site,Шаблон:Sfn which he also outlawed.Шаблон:Sfn

The campaign of arrests and torture by al-Mutawakkil in 846 led to the deaths of some associates of Ali al-Hadi in Baghdad, al-Mada'in, Kufa, and the Sawad.Шаблон:Sfn These were replaced by new representatives, including Hasan ibn Rashid and Ayyub ibn Nuh.Шаблон:Sfn The policies of al-Mutawakkil also pushed many Alids in the Hejaz and Egypt into destitution.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The caliph is said to have punished those who traded with the Alids, thus isolating them financially.Шаблон:Sfn The village of Fadak, which had previously been returned to the Alids by al-Ma'mun, was now confiscated by al-Mutawakkil and awarded to a descendant of the early caliph Umar (Шаблон:Reign),Шаблон:Sfn named as Abd Allah ibn Umar al-Bazyar.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph also dismissed officials suspected of Shia sympathies, including the governor of Saymara and Sirawan in the province of Jibal.Шаблон:Sfn As the governor of the holy cities in the Hejaz, al-Mutawakkil appointed Umar ibn Faraj, who prevented Alids from answering religious inquiries or accepting gifts, thus pushing them into poverty.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph also created a new army, known as Shakiriyya, which recruited from anti-Alid areas, such as Syria, al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the Jibal, the Hejaz, and from the Abna, a pro-Abbasid ethnic group.Шаблон:Sfn He implemented these policies with the help of his officials, particularly Ahmad ibn al-Khasib al-Jarjara'i (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Fath ibn Khaqan (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

Summoned to Samarra (Шаблон:Circa)

It was during the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil that the governor of Medina, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad, wrote to the caliph and warned him about the subversive activities of al-Hadi,Шаблон:Sfn claiming that he had concealed arms and books for his followers.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Шаблон:Transliteration attributes the affair to Burahya al-Abbasi, the leader of prayers in Medina, who may have advised the caliph to remove al-Hadi from the city because he was allegedly agitating against the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn When al-Hadi learned about the allegations, he too wrote to al-Mutawakkil and defended himself.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph responded respectfully but also requested that he with his family relocate to the new Abbasid capital of Samarra,Шаблон:Sfn a garrison town where the Turkish guards were stationed, north of Baghdad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn This letter also announced the dismissal of Abd Allah from his post in Medina,Шаблон:Sfn and is recorded in Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration, a comprehensive collection of Shia hadiths by the prominent Twelver scholar al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn The Islamicist Wilferd Madelung suggests that the letter is authentic,Шаблон:Sfn while Wardrop views the reverential and conciliatory tone of the letter as an indication that the caliph was cautious not to provoke an Alid rebellion in Medina, even though there is no evidence that al-Hadi actually intended to revolt.Шаблон:Sfn The Muslim academic Jassim M. Hussain suggests that al-Hadi was summoned to Samarra and held there because the investigations of caliph's officials, including Abd Allah, had linked the Shia Imam to the underground activities of the Imamites in Baghdad, al-Mada'in, and Kufa.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph thus decided to follow the policy of his predecessor, al-Ma'mun, who had attached the imams al-Rida and al-Jawad to his court in order to monitor and restrict them.Шаблон:Sfn

The caliph's letter was probably dated Jumada al-Thani 233 AH (January 848),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn but transmitted incorrectly as Jumada al-Thani 243 AH (October 857) by al-Mofid, the author of Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Both Wardrop and Madelung consider the latter date unlikely,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn while the first date is also corroborated by Шаблон:Transliteration, which states that al-Hadi spent twenty years of his life in Samarra.Шаблон:Sfn The escort who accompanied al-Hadi to Samarra is named variously in different sources as Yahya ibn Harthama, Yahya ibn Hubayra, or Attab ibn Abi Attab.Шаблон:Sfn The account of al-Mas'udi adds that this escort searched the residence of al-Hadi in Medina, without finding any evidence of subversion.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn He also calmed the public disorder by ensuring the locals that al-Hadi would not be harmed.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn A similar report is given by the Sunni historian Ibn Khallikan (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

Life in the Abbasid court

Файл:Iraq Ninth Century.png

Map of Iraq and surrounding regions in the mid-ninth century

When al-Hadi approached Baghdad, people gathered to see him and he was received warmly by the governor, Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Tahiri, who welcomed him outside of the city.Шаблон:Sfn Later, when al-Hadi arrived in Samarra on 23 Ramadan 233 AH (1 May 848), the caliph did not immediately receive him but assigned a house for him,Шаблон:Sfn located in the al-Askar (Шаблон:Lit) quarter of the city, which was mostly occupied by the army.Шаблон:Sfn More specifically, his residence was in the center of the city on the Abi Ahmad street.Шаблон:Sfn Having escorted al-Hadi to Samarra, Yahya conveyed to the caliph the recommendations of al-Tahiri and the Turkish commander Wasif, which apparently convinced the caliph to treat al-Hadi honorably.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Still, there is a report that al-Hadi was temporarily placed under house arrest after his arrival in Samarra.Шаблон:Sfn

Ali al-Hadi lived in Samarra under constant surveillance until his death, some twenty years later.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Among modern authors, Edward D. A. Hulmes, Moojan Momen, Hamid Mavani, and Reza Aslan liken al-Hadi to a prisoner in this period.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In particular, he could rarely meet with ordinary Shias,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn as suggested by the scarcity of such reports in the early sources.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, Шаблон:Transliteration describes a group of eager visitors for al-Hadi, who nevertheless had no idea what their imam looked like.Шаблон:Sfn The reports about this period depict a persecuted al-Hadi, who suffered frequent attempts by al-Mutawakkil and others at the court to belittle and dishonor him.Шаблон:Sfn More seriously, there is some evidence that al-Mutawakkil at least once attempted to kill al-Hadi during this period.Шаблон:Sfn Tabatabai and the Muslim academic Abdulaziz Sachedina go further, writing that the caliph on multiple occasions was intent on killing al-Hadi and had his house searched.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Sachedina believes that fear of public unrest prevented al-Mutawakkil from killing al-Hadi, who was recognized by this time as a pious and learned figure.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Central Abbasid Caliphate Ninth Century.svg

A more detailed map of the Abbasid capital Samarra and surrounding regions in the ninth century

In contrast, Madelung quotes al-Hadi as saying that he had not come to Samarra voluntarily but would never leave the city, as he liked its good water and air.Шаблон:Sfn His view is that al-Hadi was allowed to move freely within the city, and continued to send (written) instructions for his representatives across the Abbasid empire and receive through them the donations of Shias.Шаблон:Sfn Sachedina views this freedom of movement as an indication that al-Hadi did not pose a serious threat,Шаблон:Sfn while Wardrop suggests that the passive spiritual excellence of the Shia Imams was probably considered a more serious threat than an armed rebellion which could be easily crushed.Шаблон:Sfn

That al-Hadi remained in contact with his followers is also the opinion of the Islamicists Farhad Daftary,Шаблон:Sfn Sachedina,Шаблон:Sfn and Hussain,Шаблон:Sfn but the last author believes that al-Hadi sent and received his messages with secrecy, under the watchful eyes of the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn For Wardrop, a certain cycle of honor and suspicion was probably inevitable at the court of al-Mutawakkil. Still, in the case of al-Hadi as a Shia Imam with an active following, the image offered by Twelver sources is heavily tilted towards suspicion and persecution.Шаблон:Sfn Wardrop also notes that most reports about al-Hadi are attributed to this period, perhaps because al-Hadi was more 'newsworthy' in Samarra, being close both to the center of power and to the large Shia population of Iraq.Шаблон:Sfn In her view, many of these reports might be exaggerated but they are likely based on truth and thus unwise to ignore.Шаблон:Sfn

Sample reports from the period

Wardrop also studies a few representative accounts about al-Hadi from this period: Шаблон:Transliteration reports that al-Mutawakkil ordered to search the residence of al-Hadi at night on a tip by al-Batha'i, an Alid supporter of the caliph. The search did not turn any evidence of subversive activities and the money seized was later returned to al-Hadi.Шаблон:Sfn After the search, a relieved al-Mutawakkil invited al-Hadi to drink wine with him late at night. The latter refused and instead recited some poetry, the moral theme of which moved the caliph to tears.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Accounts of futile searches appear also in Шаблон:Transliteration by al-Mas'udi and in Шаблон:Transliteration by Ibn Khallikan.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shortly before the overthrow of al-Mutawakkil in 861,Шаблон:Sfn a temporary imprisonment of al-Hadi is reported in Шаблон:Transliteration by the Twelver historian al-Tabarsi (Шаблон:Died in) and in Шаблон:Transliteration, under the custody of one Ali ibn Karkar. The caliph may have ordered his close advisor Ibn Khaqan to poison the imprisoned al-Hadi.Шаблон:Sfn Also dated 861, the biographical Шаблон:Transliteration by the Twelver scholar Qutb al-Din al-Rawandi (Шаблон:Died in) similarly reports a house arrest of al-Hadi under Sa'id al-Hajib, who was allegedly ordered to kill the Imam. In his report, a visitor finds al-Hadi seated next to an open grave in his house but is reassured by him that he would not be harmed because al-Mutawakkil would die shortly.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration reports that the prayer of al-Hadi in the palace was once interrupted by a member of the court who accused him of hypocrisy.Шаблон:Sfn In an official banquet to which he was invited, al-Hadi silenced a man who continued to loudly interrupt him by predicting his imminent death, reports Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn A report on the authority of Zurara, a member of the court, states that the caliph offered a reward to anyone who would embarrass al-Hadi. The offer was taken up by an Indian knowledgeable of various sleights of hand, the report continues, who arranged for the loaves of bread to move away when al-Hadi reached for them, bringing the crowd to laughter.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration reports that al-Mutawakkil temporarily forbade his staff from serving al-Hadi, advised by a relative nicknamed Harisa, who warned the caliph that this was boosting the political image of al-Hadi among people. This Twelver report has a miraculous ending with the caliph abandoning his policy after an unexpected breeze blew the curtains open for al-Hadi instead of the guards.Шаблон:Sfn

Later years (861–868)

Ali al-Hadi continued to live in Samarra after the assassination of al-Mutawakkil in 861, through the short reign of al-Muntasir (Шаблон:Reign), followed by four years of al-Musta'in (Шаблон:Reign), and until his death in 868 during the caliphate of al-Mu'tazz (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In particular, al-Muntasir and al-Musta'in somewhat relaxed the anti-Alid policies of al-Mutawakkil, and al-Hadi thus lived more freely in those years.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, al-Muntasir apparently returned Fadak to the Alids and allowed them to visit the tomb of Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn Still, under al-Musta'in, his governor of Egypt arrested the Alid leader Ibn Abi Hudra, and deported him and his supporters to Iraq in 862, according to the Sunni historian Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Also in Egypt, a follower of al-Hadi by the name of Muhammad ibn Hajar was killed and the estate of another follower, Saif ibn al-Layth, was confiscated by the ruler, according to al-Kulayni.Шаблон:Sfn Elsewhere, some supporters of al-Hadi were arrested in Samarra, while his main agent in Kufa, Ayyub ibn Nuh, was prosecuted by the local judge (Шаблон:Transliteration).Шаблон:Sfn

On the other hand, Hussain writes that Alid revolts broke out in 864–5 in Kufa, Tabaristan, Rayy, Qazvin, Egypt, and the Hejaz.Шаблон:Sfn He adds that the rebel leader in Mecca was an Imamite named Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf al-Hilali (Шаблон:Died in), while the Kufan rebel leader Yahya ibn Umar (Шаблон:Died in) was praised by Abu Hashim al-Ja'fari, an agent of al-Hadi. Later under al-Mu'tazz, the Abbasids discovered connections between some rebels in Tabaristan and Rayy and certain Imamite figures close to al-Hadi, who were thus arrested in Baghdad and deported to Samarra. These included Muhammad ibn Ali al-Attar, Abu Hashim al-Ja'fari, and apparently the two sons of al-Hadi, namely, Hasan and Ja'far. More such links to al-Hadi are listed by the Sunni historian al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in). Hussain suggests that all this paved the way for the murder of al-Hadi by the Abbasids during the caliphate of al-Mu'tazz.Шаблон:Sfn It is also the view of Sachedina that the restrictions on al-Hadi were renewed under al-Mu'tazz, who is accused by Shia sources of murdering al-Hadi.Шаблон:Sfn

Death (868)

According to both al-Tabari and al-Kulayni, al-Hadi died on 26 Jumada al-Thani 254 AH (21 June 868) at the age of about forty and during the caliphate of al-Mu'tazz.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Other reported dates fall in Jumada al-Thani and Rajab 254 AH (June–July 868).Шаблон:Sfn In particular, 3 Rajab is annually commemorated by Shias for this occasion.Шаблон:Sfn Most Shia authors record that he was poisoned by the Abbasids.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The exceptions are al-Mufid, who is silent about the cause of death of al-Hadi,Шаблон:Sfn the Shia-leaning historian al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in), who writes that he died mysteriously,Шаблон:Sfn and al-Isfahani, who does not list al-Hadi among the Alid martyrs in his biographical Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn Among modern authors, Tabatabai holds that al-Hadi was poisoned at the instigation of al-Mu'tazz,Шаблон:Sfn while Hussain links the murder of al-Hadi to the Abbasids discovering his connections to the ongoing Shia revolts.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Momen says that the "real power" was in the hands of the Turkish generals by the time al-Hadi died and that the murder of al-Hadi would have had no political benefit for the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn The manner of his death is also given differently by the sources.Шаблон:Sfn

In addition to al-Hadi, Shia sources hold the Abbasids responsible for the deaths of multiple Shia Imams. The silence of Sunni sources here is attributed by Shia authors to the atmosphere of fear and intimidation under the Abbasids. In particular, the Twelver traditionist Ibn Shahrashub (Шаблон:Died in) said that he wrote his Manaqib ale Abi Talib "to bring forth what they [the Sunnis] have suppressed."Шаблон:Sfn There is also a tradition attributed to Muhammad al-Baqir (Шаблон:Died in), the fifth of the Twelve Imams, to the effect that none of them would escape an unjust death after attaining fame, except their last, whose birth would be concealed from the public.Шаблон:Sfn A similar tradition is ascribed to al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams, this time in response to a follower who had expressed his hope to see the Imam in power because "people have paid allegiance to" al-Rida and "coins have been struck" in his name.Шаблон:Sfn

The funeral prayer is said to have been led by al-Muwaffaq (Шаблон:Died in), a brother of the caliph. A large number of mourners, however, forced the family to bring the body of al-Hadi back to the house, where he was then buried.Шаблон:Sfn The house was later expanded to a major shrine by various Shia and Sunni patrons. More recently, the complex was rebuilt in 1868–9 at the request of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Шаблон:Reign), ruler of Persia and a Twelver, and the golden dome was added in 1905.Шаблон:Sfn In addition to al-Hadi, the shrine also houses the tombs of his son, Hasan al-Askari,Шаблон:Sfn and his sister, Hakima Khatun.Шаблон:Sfn As an important destination for Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged.Шаблон:Sfn Another attack on 13 June 2007 destroyed the two minarets of the shrine.^[1]^[2] Iraqi authorities hold the Sunni extremist group al-Qaeda responsible for both attacks.^[3]^[4] Шаблон:Gallery

Personal traits

After accounting for the bias of his Twelver sources, the historian Dwight M. Donaldson (Шаблон:Died in) writes that al-Hadi comes across to him as a "good-tempered, quiet man," who endured for years the "hatred" of al-Mutawakkil with dignity and patience.Шаблон:Sfn For Wardrop, the image of al-Hadi in Shia sources is that of a "pacifist, persecuted Imam," who always remains unmoved by his enemies' attempts to "humiliate and attack him."Шаблон:Sfn In these reports, she adds, al-Hadi maintains a detached and dignified pose in threatening situations, thus impressing upon others the certitude of his belief in the protection of God.Шаблон:Sfn In such situations, the response of al-Hadi in Shia sources is often to invoke the intervention of God through prayer,Шаблон:Sfn for he viewed the "invocation of oppressed against the oppressor" more powerful than "cavalry, weapons, or spirits,"Шаблон:Sfn in a tradition attributed to him in Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn To showcase what she describes as the detachment of al-Hadi from "the trivial anxieties of Шаблон:Transliteration [the material world]," Wardrop mentions the account of an occasion when his house was searched at night for money and weapons,Шаблон:Sfn as given by the Twelver sources Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, and Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn By this account, the soldiers who broke into his house found him praying and he then helped them in their search.Шаблон:Sfn After this futile search and similar episodes, al-Hadi again invokes the power of God in Shia sources rather than indulging in "verbal attack or enraged silence."Шаблон:Sfn

Imamate

Designation

After the death of al-Jawad in 835, most of his followers acknowledged his son Ali as the next Imam.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As with his father, Ali al-Hadi was still a minor when he succeeded to the imamate at the age of about seven.Шаблон:Sfn Thanks to the precedent of al-Jawad, however, the imamate of Ali was widely accepted without much demur,Шаблон:Sfn even though in both cases the inner circle of their predecessors must have played a visible role in consolidating their imamate.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The only account about the succession of Ali al-Hadi is given by multiple sources, including Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, and Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn By this account, the designation (Шаблон:Transliteration) was orally delivered to one Abu al-Khayrani by al-Jawad, who thus appointed his son Ali as his successor.Шаблон:Sfn Wardrop identifies this person as Ahmad ibn Hammad al-Marwazi, who was close to al-Jawad,Шаблон:Sfn while elsewhere he is named as Khayran al-Khadim, a servant of al-Jawad.Шаблон:Sfn At any rate, Abu al-Khayrani then wrote to a few notable Imamite figures with the news of this designation, with instructions to open the letters if he died. The oral designation was also overheard by Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa, a reputable Imamite from Qom,Шаблон:Sfn who happened to be there to inquire about the health of al-Jawad.Шаблон:Sfn

When al-Jawad died, Ahmad met with Muhammad ibn al-Faraj al-Rukhaji and ten other unnamed Imamite figures and listened to Abu al-Khayrani.Шаблон:Sfn Of these, Muhammad was a representative of al-Jawad,Шаблон:Sfn who came to the forefront after his death. Indeed, the meeting took place at Muhammad's house and it was him who invited Abu al-Khayrani to join them.Шаблон:Sfn At the meeting, the claim of Abu al-Khayrani was reluctantly corroborated by Ahmad, who said he preferred the honor to have gone to an Arab rather than a non-Arab (Шаблон:Transliteration).Шаблон:Sfn After some contemplation, the group accepted the imamate of Ali, the report concludes.Шаблон:Sfn More evidence is found in the will attributed to al-Jawad in Kitab al-Kafi, which stipulates that his son Ali would inherit from him and be responsible for his younger brother, Musa, and his sisters.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn For the Muslim jurist and academic Hossein Modarressi, the account of his succession suggests that the seniority of Ali over his brother was not sufficient and the Shia community had to be convinced that Ali was directly appointed by his father.Шаблон:Sfn A small group initially followed Musa as their imam but soon returned to Ali al-Hadi after Musa dissociated himself from them.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Representatives

Bernheimer considers the imamate of al-Hadi as a turning point for Shia: the direct leadership of the Shia community by the Imams effectively ended by al-Hadi's summons to Samarra, where he was held under constant surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death.Шаблон:Sfn Still, similar to his predecessors, al-Hadi secretly communicated with an underground network of representatives (Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Singular Шаблон:Transliteration),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who were responsible for the financial and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and particularly for the collection of religious dues, such as Khums (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn These agents gradually took over the function of guiding and organizing the Shia community, following the same principle of political quietism to which the Shia Imams adhered.Шаблон:Sfn Their efforts seem to have been divided into four geographic areas; the first one included Baghdad, Mada'in, the Sawad, and Kufa, the second area included Basra and Ahwaz, the third included Qom and Hamadan, and the fourth included the Hejaz, Yemen, and Egypt.Шаблон:Sfn Each of these four areas was entrusted to an agent, who was also responsible for appointing local agents within his area.Шаблон:Sfn

Imamite sources also describe some failed attempts by the Abbasids to intercept the agents, including feigned sympathy by Ibn Khaqan to infiltrate the network or last-minute aborted missions of the agents.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, there were waves of crackdowns by al-Mutawakkil in 850 and by al-Mustai'n in 862.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the arrested agents died under torture while others were imprisoned.Шаблон:Sfn Among the trusted agents of al-Hadi were Ali ibn Mahziar Ahwazi,Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi,Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Ahmad ibn Ishaq al-Ash'ari,Шаблон:Sfn Ali ibn Bil'al,Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Hamadani,Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Ali ibn Ja'far,Шаблон:Sfn Ayyub ibn Nuh,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Hasan ibn Rashid,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and Muhammad ibn al-Faraj al-Rukhaji.Шаблон:Efn Шаблон:Sfn Because of the underground nature of this network, there were also probably some who falsely claimed to represent al-Hadi.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Faris ibn Hatim ibn Mahawayh al-Qazvini was initially a representative of al-Hadi and his intermediary with the Imamites living in the Jibal, which encompassed the central and western parts of modern-day Iran.Шаблон:Sfn Faris was involved in a dispute with Ali ibn Ja'far around 862 and was consequently banned by al-Hadi from receiving alms on his behalf. He continued to do so, however, without forwarding them to al-Hadi,Шаблон:Sfn who excommunicated Faris in 864 for embezzling religious dues.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As Faris continued to openly incite against al-Hadi, the latter called for his death,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and he was indeed assassinated during the imamate of Hasan al-Askari.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Miracles

In Twelver Shia, al-Hadi is considered knowledgeable in the languages of the Persians, Slavs, Indians, and Nabataeans.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, al-Tabarsi writes that al-Hadi was articulate in seventy-three languages, probably in reference to the hadith, attributed to Muhammad, that his community would be split to seventy-three groups.Шаблон:Sfn This was not unique to al-Hadi, however, and miracles of speech are attributed to all Shia Imams.Шаблон:Sfn One of the many such accounts about al-Hadi is narrated by Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar, who describes a meeting with a young al-Hadi in 228 AH (842-3) in the company of his brother Ali and their servant Masrur, whom the following day al-Hadi sent for and spoke to in his native language of Persian.Шаблон:Sfn

Ali al-Hadi is also credited in Twelver sources with predicting the death of al-Mutawakkil, who had either imprisoned or humiliated al-Hadi.Шаблон:Sfn The variations of this account appear in the Twelver sources Шаблон:Transliteration,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transliteration, and Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn His precognition is also highlighted in another account, appearing in Шаблон:Transliteration for instance, according to which al-Hadi already knew the religious question of his visitors. Narrated by Ishaq ibn Abd-Allah al-Alawi, a distant relative of al-Hadi, the question was about the significance of fasting on the birthdate of the Islamic prophet, the day he received his divine message, the day on which the earth was flattened, and the day of the Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn In this vein, Ali al-Hadi showed a companion a vision of heaven, according to Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn On one occasion, Шаблон:Transliteration describes that the soldiers tasked with killing al-Hadi did not dare to harm him because of "his awe-inspiring presence," seeing around him a hundred raised swords.Шаблон:Sfn In the presence of al-Mutawakkil, al-Hadi debunked the claim of a woman who pretended to be Zaynab, daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib. He reputedly did so by descending into the caliph's den of lions to prove that they do not harm true descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib. This the woman refused to imitate. It is also said that al-Hadi brought to life a picture of a lion on a carpet, which then ate a juggler who had attempted to humiliate the Imam with his tricks by order of al-Mutawakkil. Another tradition states that he turned a handful of sand into gold for the poor.Шаблон:Sfn When he set out for Samarra, despite clear skies, al-Hadi prepared for heavy rain which indeed materialized within a few hours to the amazement of his escort. When asked about it, however, al-Hadi rejected any miraculous interpretation of the incident, saying that he had simply recognized the signs of a brewing storm as a native,Шаблон:Sfn as reported in Шаблон:Transliteration by al-Mas'udi.Шаблон:Sfn

Succession

Ali al-Hadi was survived by two sons, namely, Ja'far and his older brother Hasan.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The latter was born in Medina to an Шаблон:Transliteration, whose name is variously given in different sources as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil.Шаблон:Sfn After al-Hadi, the majority of his followers acknowledged as their next imam his adult son Hasan,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who is commonly known by the title al-Askari (Шаблон:Lit) on account of his almost life-long detention in the garrison town of Samarra,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn after moving there with his father as a child.Шаблон:Sfn Imamite sources report that al-Hadi designated Hasan as his successor a month before his death in 868.Шаблон:Sfn This appointment came after the death of his eldest son Muhammad, whom some expected to be the next Imam.Шаблон:Sfn

After the death of al-Hadi, his other son Ja'far unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself,Шаблон:Sfn and he is thus referred to as Ja'far al-Kadhab (Шаблон:Lit) in the Imamite sources.Шаблон:Sfn Some apparently considered Ja'far particularly unfit for the position because of his poor reputation.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The death of Muhammad and the poor reputation of Ja'far thus facilitated the accession of Hasan.Шаблон:Sfn He was, however, unknown to many Imamites, as suggested by Шаблон:Transliteration, and the representatives of al-Hadi must have played an important role in consolidating the imamate of Hasan.Шаблон:Sfn Still, some considered al-Hadi to be the last Imam and Hasan is said to have written to Imamite figures across the Abbasid empire to dispel their doubts about his imamate.Шаблон:Sfn

When Hasan al-Askari died without an obvious heir in 874, some of his followers rejected his imamate, because the Imam could not be childless, as they argued. Among them, the now-extinct Muhammadites contended that Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi must have been the rightful eleventh Imam, even though he had predeceased his father. For them, Muhammad was the Mahdi,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn the messianic figure in Islam to (re)appear at the end of times to eradicate injustice and evil.Шаблон:Sfn Probably related to this group was Ibn Nusayr, who considered Ali al-Hadi to be divine and claimed to be his prophet. He is considered the founder of the Nusayris, a now-extinct Ghali sect of Shia.Шаблон:Sfn The Ghulat (Шаблон:Lit) believed in the divinity of the Shia Imams.Шаблон:Sfn

Ja'farites

Those who accepted the imamate of Ja'far, the youngest son of al-Hadi, are known as Ja'farites. Its members arrived at this claim in different ways.Шаблон:Sfn One faction turned to Ja'far after the death of his brother Hasan al-Askari in 874, who did not leave an obvious heir.Шаблон:Sfn Another subgroup of Ja'farites believed that al-Askari himself had designated Ja'far as his successor. Notable among them was the Kufan theologian Ali ibn Tahi (or Talhi) al-Khazzaz.Шаблон:Sfn This Ali ranked among the Fathites,Шаблон:Sfn many of whom thus joined the Ja'farites.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Yet another subgroup held that Ja'far was directly designated by his father al-Hadi as his successor.Шаблон:Sfn A different subgroup was the Nafisites, who believed that al-Hadi was to be succeeded by his eldest son Muhammad. Before his death in the lifetime of al-Hadi, they say, Muhammad designated his youngest brother Ja'far as his successor, skipping the older Hasan. More specifically, they believed that Muhammad entrusted his testament to his servant Nafis, who passed it on to Ja'far. The latter thus claimed he was the successor to Muhammad. Nafis himself was killed.Шаблон:Sfn

Similarly, some followers of Faris ibn Hatim claimed that he was succeeded by his son Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn who appointed his brother Ja'far as the next Imam before his death during the lifetime of al-Hadi. They accordingly accepted the imamate of Ja'far instead of al-Askari.Шаблон:Sfn This was apparently an act of defiance to Hasan al-Askari,Шаблон:Sfn who had sided with his father al-Hadi when he excommunicated Faris for embezzling religious funds and openly inciting against him.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In any case, Ja'far soon died and some then turned to his descendants for leadership.Шаблон:Sfn The Ja'farites were nevertheless extinct by 373 AH (983-4), as some converted to the mainstream Twelver Shia and some emigrated to Egypt or elsewhere and joined Sufi orders.Шаблон:Sfn

Works

A theological treatise on free will and various short texts are attributed to al-Hadi and quoted in Tuhaf al-uqul, a Twelver collection of hadiths.Шаблон:Sfn According to Mavani, most Shia hadiths about Khums are also attributed to al-Hadi and his predecessor, al-Jawad.Шаблон:Sfn Some regard Khums as an example of the Imams' discretionary authority as religious and temporal Shia leaders, which in this case countered the redirection of Zakat (another Islamic alms) "to sustain the oppressors [the caliphs] and to secure their affluent lifestyle," according to the Shia jurist Hussein-Ali Montazeri (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn One example is the response of al-Hadi to a letter from his new agent Hasan ibn Rashid, in which the former describes Khums as a levy on possessions and produce, and on traders and craftsmen, after they had provided for themselves.Шаблон:Sfn This last part is clarified in a letter from al-Hadi to another agent, named Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Hamadani, which explains that Khums is levied after providing for the land and for dependents, and after the Шаблон:Transliteration (land tax) for the ruler.Шаблон:Sfn

Donaldson quotes one of the prophetic traditions related on the authority of al-Hadi, through Ali ibn Abi Talib, which defines faith (Шаблон:Transliteration) as contained in the hearts of men, confirmed by their deeds (Шаблон:Transliteration), whereas surrender (Шаблон:Transliteration) is what the tongue expresses which only validates the union.Шаблон:Sfn A hadith attributed to al-Hadi in Шаблон:Transliteration predicts the occultation of his grandson, the twelfth Imam, and refers to him as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit) from the House of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Mavani quotes another hadith, ascribed to al-Hadi and transmitted by al-Tabarsi, as follows.

Шаблон:Blockquote

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Sister project links

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-hou Шаблон:S-rel Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-break Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end Шаблон:Shia Imams Шаблон:Authority control

[1] Шаблон:Cite news

[2] Шаблон:Cite news

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

[4] Шаблон:Cite web

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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