Английская Википедия:Alma Sundquist

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox person Alma Maria Katarina Sundquist (1872–1940) was a Swedish physician and a pioneering female specialist in the treatment of venereal diseases. A committed women's rights activist, she campaigned for better working conditions for women, addressed problems associated with unhygienic homes and prostitution, and promoted the need for sexual education for girls. She fought for women's suffrage, contributing to the inaugural meeting of the Swedish Association for Women's Suffrage (FKPR) in June 1902. Internationally, in 1919 she represented Sweden at the founding of the Medical Women's International Association in New York and attended the First International Congress of Working Women in Washington, D.C. In the early 1930s, on behalf of the League of Nations, she was one of the three contributors to a report on the slave trade in women and children in the countries of Asia.

Early life and education

Born on 23 March 1872 in Torp, Medelpad, Alma Maria Katarina Sundquist was the youngest of the three daughters of the postmaster Johan Erik Sundquist and Katharina Kristina Holmer.Шаблон:Sfn After her father died, she moved with her mother and two sisters to Sundsvall. When their house was destroyed by the great fire of 1888, they moved to Stockholm where she graduated from the Wallinska high school in 1891. She then attended Uppsala University where she undertook preparatory studies for medicine and philosophy.Шаблон:Sfn During her schooling, she met fellow student, Ada Nilsson. The two women became friends as well as colleagues and in 1892 joined founder Lydia Wahlström as a member of the Uppsala Women's Student Association, along with Adèle Philipson, Gulli Rossander, Signe Trygger, among others.Шаблон:Sfn

Photograph of two educational building surrounding a commons
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm

Despite medical practice regulations which barred women from working in public hospitals, she went on to study medicine at the male-dominated Karolinska Institute. While in medical school, Sundquist and Nilsson experienced discrimination from faculty members who refused to give them higher marks than male students. Graduating in 1900, the following January, Nilsson and Sundquist wrote a plea, signed by almost every woman doctor in the country, as well as many female medical students, protesting their inability to work even as paediatricians or on behalf of women patients, except in private practices.Шаблон:Sfn Sundquist pointed out that the Royal letter of 1873, which accredited the degree programmes for "candidates of medicine" at the Karolinska Institute, contained no such restrictions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Since women had been admitted to study there in 1870,Шаблон:Sfn she demanded the right to work in public facilities.Шаблон:Sfn

Career

Early career (1901-1918)

In 1901, Sundquist opened a private practice in Stockholm which she ran until 1939. Specializing in gynaecology, venereal diseases and dermatology, she taught hygiene in girls' schools and lectured on sexual education throughout the country. She was instrumental in providing access to contraception via physicians' prescriptions and furthered research on venereal diseases.Шаблон:Sfn Simultaneously, from 1902 to 1918, she served as the physician at the private girls' Шаблон:Ill and in 1903 began working at the Stockholm City Polyclinic specializing in sexually transmitted diseases. At the clinic, she treated patients who lived in extreme poverty in unsanitary conditions, many of them prostitutes. She saw first hand the damage that prostitution regulations caused for them, and supported reformers like Шаблон:Ill, who called for the sex trade to be decriminalized and regulation to cease.Шаблон:Sfn

Sundquist's medical experiences led to her commitment to social reforms addressing the issues women encountered.Шаблон:Sfn She was a pioneering campaigner for women's suffrage, joining the board at the inaugural meeting of the Society for Woman Suffrage (Шаблон:Lang-sv) in June 1902, though she resigned the following year. From the end of 1903 until early 1904, she worked on the regulatory Committee for the Prevention of Infectious Sexually Transmitted Diseases and in 1904, was elected to membership of the newly established Dermatological Society.Шаблон:Sfn The law barring women physicians from working in public facilities was overturned by new legislation in 1909.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1910, Sundquist joined the board of the recently formed Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene (SSR),Шаблон:Sfn an organization founded on the principles of the European Eugenics Movement,Шаблон:Sfn but after one year, she was no longer listed on the board.Шаблон:Sfn That year, wanting both to control immoral behaviour and address the declining birth rate in the country, the Riksdag passed a contraception law (Criminal Code, Chapter 18. § 13, commonly known as Шаблон:Ill after Hinke Bergegren, the first person prosecuted under it).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The law provided that those disseminating public information on contraceptives or involved in their sale could receive sentences of up to two years in prison. Sundquist was very critical of the Contraception Act and began writing various articles about the spread of venereal diseases,Шаблон:Sfn as well as on improving working conditions for women and granting suffrage.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was a co-founder of the Swedish Association for Parental Protection and Sexual Reform, established in 1911, where she campaigned against prostitution.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1916, Sundquist participated in two conferences for women physicians and medical students, which were spearheaded by Wahlström. They led to the establishment of the Women Doctors' Permanent Committee (Шаблон:Lang-sv) which aimed to press for changes to laws which prevented women from working as professionals in the medical field, and to assist other women academics in similar endeavours. Among those involved were Nilsson, Andrea Andreen, Elin Odencrants, and Nanna Svartz. One of their first acts was to write to the National Medical Board and press for more supervisory positions for women. In the attached report, they documented that the majority of medical candidates were women, that women were equally capable of treating male patients and that of the 49 licensed women physicians, 20 had already individually been granted supervisory rights when no male doctors were able to take the post.Шаблон:Sfn

Later career (1919-1939)

In March 1919, Sundquist announced to audiences in the United States that women's suffrage had been granted by the first chamber of the Riksdag to all women over age 23. She noted that the property restrictions for voting had been removed and that approval by the second chamber, which would include the right to stand for office, was imminent.Шаблон:Sfn In May, full suffrage was grantedШаблон:Sfn and Sundquist made plans to attend several conferences in the United States in the fall.Шаблон:Sfn She arrived on 17 September to attend the International Conference of Women Physicians, sponsored by the YWCA.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn During the conference, she argued in favour of sex education in schools, which had recently passed in Sweden. Though American physicians agreed that education was needed, they advocated for home instruction on the subject.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 October, a dinner was held for women physicians attending the conference and they decided to form the Medical Women's International Association.Шаблон:Sfn Sundquist was elected to serve on the Committee of Twelve to organize the association, whose purpose was to work together internationally to advocate for women to be granted full citizenship and to create a progressive programme to promote public health.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Moving on to Washington, D.C., in late October, Sundquist attended the First International Congress of Working Women, as a member of its executive committee.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The purpose of the conference was to ensure that labour reform addressing rights and standards for both women and men that included the abolition of child labour, compulsory education, equal opportunity for employment, equal pay for equal work, and the establishment of minimum wages and maximum hours was adopted by the newly formed International Labour Organization.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In a presentation on labour conditions in Sweden, she reported that children of 14 and over could work if a physical examination proved they were able. She also noted that women had been pushed out of jobs that they had performed during the war and were seeking the right to continue in them.Шаблон:Sfn

Sundquist participated in the 1922 Constitutive Assembly of the Medical Women's International Association held in Geneva and was later elected president of the organization, serving from 1934 to 1937.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She continued to press for economic reforms. The passage of the Шаблон:Ill opened civil service careers to women.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1926, she assisted in the reorganization of the Women's Doctors Permanent Committee to the Women's Physicians' Club, to which she was elected chair in 1929.Шаблон:Sfn

Portrait of a seated woman in a dark dress with her hand clasped together on her knees
Sundquist portrait by Goodwin

In 1930, along with Bascomb Johnson, an American writer, and Шаблон:Ill, a Polish diplomat, Sundquist was appointed by the League of Nations to prepare a report on the slave trade in women and children in Asia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn When the report was completed in 1932, the three were appointed to a travelling commission and charged with compiling information of a more international nature, since the first report focused on national statistics.Шаблон:Sfn They began in Japan and from there travelled to China, Indochina, Indonesia and India, before moving on to Tehran, Bushehr, Baghdad, Damascus, Beirut and Haifa, and worked cooperatively with various government officials to obtain information.Шаблон:Sfn In 1938, the Contraception Act she had opposed for so long was abolished. She continued her private practice until 1939.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Alma Sundquist died in Stockholm on 7 January 1940.Шаблон:Sfn She is remembered as one of Sweden's most prominent pioneering venereologists in the first half of the twentieth century, actively engaged in solving social and political challenges faced by women.Шаблон:Sfn Through her work, she brought the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases to the Swedish authorities and consulted on developing policy for prevention and treatment of them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was committed to changing laws to improve conditions for women, as well as eradicating protective legislation which treated people differently based on gender.Шаблон:Sfn

Selected works

References

Citations

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Bibliography

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Further reading

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