Английская Википедия:Alnus cordata
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Speciesbox Alnus cordata, the Italian alder,[1][2] is a tree or shrub species belonging to the family Betulaceae, and native to the southern Apennine Mountains (Campania, Basilicata and Calabria, mainly on western mountain sides) and the north-eastern mountains of Corsica.[3] It has been introduced in Sicily, Sardinia, and more recently in Central-Northern Italy,[4][5][6] other European countries (France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom)[7] and extra-European countries (Chile, New Zealand),[4] where it has become naturalised.
Description
It is a medium-sized tree growing up to Шаблон:Convert tall[8] (exceptionally to Шаблон:Convert), with a trunk up to Шаблон:Convert in diameter.
The leaves are deciduous but with a very long season in leaf, from April to December in the Northern Hemisphere; they are alternate, ovate or circular-ovate shaped,[9] cordate at base,[9] rich glossy green, Шаблон:Convert long, with a finely serrated margin.Шаблон:Citation needed The bark is smooth with greyish brown colour.[9] The trees' large leaf areas are partly due to their long tree tops. Fall arrives usually around the end of November, and the leaves don't change from their original green color. The colorful foliage may last till mid-December in certain years.[10]
The slender cylindrical male contain 5 - 6 catkins,[11] pendulous, reddish and up to Шаблон:Convert long;[8] pollination is in early spring, before the leaves emerge. The female catkins are ovoid, when mature in autumn Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert broad, dark green to brown, hard, woody, and they develop into pseudo-cones.[11] The small winged seeds disperse by wind and through the winter they ripen, turning from green to dark brown colour, and they open the following spring.[11]
It has three natural growing shapes. 1) Along rivers with room to grow and plenty of water one base will often give rise to four to six stems, which fan out at some ten degrees from vertical. 2) In open meadows near rivers, marshy ground and flooding can cause trees to angle or tilt over, whereupon over a matter of seasons they grow natural bends to return the upper trunk to vertical. It is not uncommon to find cordatas with S shapes arising from two tilting events. 3) In groves of multiple trees they grow thinner and straighter, such that a grove of a 100 trees can be an excellent renewable source of straight timber good for woodwork.Шаблон:Citation needed
Cultivation
Like other alders, it is able to improve soil fertility through symbiotic nitrogen fixation with the bacteria Actinomyces alni (Frankia alni).[12] It thrives on much drier soils than most other alders, and grows rapidly even under very unfavourable circumstances, which renders it extremely valuable for landscape planting on difficult sites such as mining spoil heaps and heavily compacted urban sites. It is commonly grown as a windbreak which helps with soil protection.Шаблон:Citation needed[13]
Alnus cordata has gained The Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14]
Bonsai
The Italian Alder makes a medium to large bonsai, a quick grower it responds well to pruning with branches ramifying well and leaf size reducing quite rapidly.[15]
Other uses
Researchers analyzed the phenolic composition of the stem bark of A. cordata, they were able to determine that its components were similar to those of skin-whitening and antioxidant properties. Because these qualities are antioxidant-rich, they can be safely used to treat skin diseases through their bleaching capabilities[16].
The tree also produces valuable reddish-orange wood. It breaks down when exposed to alternating dry and damp air, but is highly durable when kept wet or dry. As demonstrated in the construction of Venice, when immersed in water it lasts for centuries. Also when used within condensation-free, temperature and humidity controlled buildings it has a reputation for maintaining a smooth and naturally shiny finish. The timber is liked by carpenters and used for turning and carving, for moulding, furniture, panelling and plywood.[12]
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Foliage and immature male catkins
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Female (seed) catkins
References
External links
- Alnus cordata - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
- Шаблон:CalPhotos
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:BSBI 2007
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Villani, F., Castellana, S., Beritognolo, I., Cherubini, M., Chiocchini, F., Battistelli, A., & Mattioni, C. (2021). Genetic Variability of Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby Populations and Introgressive Hybridization with A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. in Southern Italy: Implication for Conservation and Management of Genetic Resources. Forests, 12(6), 655.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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