Английская Википедия:Alsatian dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Alsace sidebar Alsatian (Шаблон:Lang-gsw-FR or Шаблон:Lang "Alsatian German"; Lorraine Franconian: Elsässerdeitsch; Шаблон:Lang-fr; Шаблон:Lang-de or Шаблон:Lang) is the group of Alemannic German dialects spoken in most of Alsace, a formerly disputed region in eastern France that has passed between French and German control five times since 1681.
Language family
Alsatian is closely related to other nearby Alemannic dialects, such as Swiss German, Swabian, Markgräflerisch, Kaiserstühlerisch and the other Alemannic dialects of Baden. It is often confused with Lorraine Franconian, a more distantly related Franconian dialect spoken in the northwest corner of Alsace and in neighbouring Lorraine. Like other dialects and languages, Alsatian has also been influenced by outside sources. Words of Yiddish origin can be found in Alsatian, and modern conversational Alsatian includes adaptations of French words and English words, especially concerning new technologies.
Many speakers of Alsatian could, if necessary, write in reasonable standard German. For most this would be rare and confined to those who have learned German at school or through work. As with other dialects, various factors determine when, where, and with whom one might converse in Alsatian. Some dialect speakers are unwilling to speak standard German, at times, to certain outsiders and prefer to use French. In contrast, many people living near the border with Basel, Switzerland, will speak their dialect with a Swiss person from that area, as they are mutually intelligible for the most part; similar habits may apply to conversations with people of the nearby German Markgräflerland. Some street names in Alsace may use Alsatian spellings (they were formerly displayed only in French but are now bilingual in some places, especially Strasbourg and Mulhouse).
Speakers
Status of Alsatian in France
Since 1992, the constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, is recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. France is a signatory to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages but has never ratified the law and has not given regional languages the support that would be required by the charter.
Alsatian has gone from being the prevalent language of the region to one in decline. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second-most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is declining. While 43% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, its use has been largely declining amongst the youngest generations.
A dialect of Alsatian German is spoken in the United States by a group known as the Swiss Amish, whose ancestors emigrated there in the middle of the 19th century. The approximately 7,000 speakers are located mainly in Allen County, Indiana, with "daughter settlements"Шаблон:Ref elsewhere.[1]
Orthography
| Majuscule forms | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Ä | À | Ë | É | È | Ì | Ö | Ü | Ù |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minuscule forms | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | ä | à | ë | é | è | ì | ö | ü | ù |
| IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
C, Q, and X are only used in loanwords. Y is also used in native words, but is more common in loanwords.
Orthal
Orthal (Шаблон:Lang)[2] is a revised orthography meant for use by all dialects of Alsatian promoted by the Шаблон:Lang.[3]
The latest version (2016)[4] of Orthal is described below. Not all dialects are expected to use all letters & diacritics. For example, Owerlandisch from Southern Alsace primarily uses the additional vowel letters, Ä À Ì Ü.
Dialects from the north (Strasbourg region) make use of more letters including Ë, Ö, Ù and the diphthong ÈI.
In general the principles of Orthal are to:
- Follow standard German orthography for the regular vowels A, E, I, O, U and their umlauted Standard German forms Ä, Ö, Ü
- For diphthongs & triphthongs that do not exist in Standard German Orthal combines standard German letters to create anew – e.g., ia, üe (or üa), öi, àui, äi (or èi)
- For vowel sounds not represented in the Standard German orthography, it uses the French acute & grave accent marks to create new graphemes that can represent sounds unique to the Alsatian dialects
- It also follows standard German orthography for consonants as well.
The vowels are pronounced short or long based on their position in the syllable besides the letter type.
A vowel at the end of a syllable, without a subsequent consonant, is a long vowel "V" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., hà, sì
A vowel followed by a single consonant in a syllable is pronounced as a long vowel "V + C" = Long Vowel (LV). e.g., Ros
Note – A vowel followed by several consonants ("V + C + C") in a syllable is pronounced as a Short Vowel. e.g., Ross
Monophthong – short vowels
| Majuscule forms | A | Ä | À | E | É | È | Ë | I | Ì | O | Ö | U | Ü | Ù |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minuscule forms | a | ä | à | e | é | è | ë | i | ì | o | ö | u | ü | ù |
| IPA | /a/ | /ɛ/ | /ɑ ~ ɒ/ | /e/,/ə/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /æ/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ | /o/ | /ø/ | /u/ | /y/ | /ʊ/ |
Monophthong – long vowels
| Majuscule forms | A , AH, AA | À , ÀH, ÀÀ | Ä , ÄH | E , EH, EE | Ë , ËH | È , ÈÈ ÈH | I , II, IH | Ì , ÌH | O , OO, OH | Ö , | U , UU, UH | Ü ,ÜÜ, ÜH | Ù , ÙÙ, ÙH | Œ | UE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /aː/ | /ɒː/ | /ɛː/ | /eː/ | /æː/ | /ɛː/ | /iː/ | /ɪː/ | /oː/ | /øː/ | /uː/ | /yː/ | /ʊː/ | /œː/ | /ʏ/ |
Phonology
Consonants
Alsatian has a set of 19 consonants:
Three consonants are restricted in their distribution: Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA only occur at the beginning of a word or morpheme, and then only if followed immediately by a vowel; Шаблон:IPA never occurs at the beginning of a word or morpheme.
Alsatian, like some German dialects, has lenited all obstruents but Шаблон:IPA. Its lenes are, however, voiceless as in all Southern German varieties. Therefore, they are here transcribed Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA. Speakers of French tend to hear them as their Шаблон:IPA, which also are voiceless and unaspirated.
The phoneme Шаблон:IPA has a velar allophone Шаблон:IPA after back vowels (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA in those speakers who do not pronounce this as Шаблон:IPA), and palatal Шаблон:IPA elsewhere. In southern dialects, there is a tendency to pronounce it Шаблон:IPA in all positions, and in Strasbourg the palatal allophone tends to conflate with the phoneme Шаблон:IPA. A labiodental voiced fricative Шаблон:IPA sound is also present as well as an approximant Шаблон:IPA sound. /Шаблон:IPA/ may have phonetic realizations as Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA.
Vowels
Short vowels: Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA in Strasbourg), Шаблон:IPA.
Long vowels: Шаблон:IPA
Diphthongs
Grammar
Alsatian nouns inflect by case, gender and number:
- Three cases: nominative, accusative, dative. Unlike Standard German, Alsatian does not have a genitive case and instead utilises the dative or the preposition Шаблон:Lang ("of", German "Шаблон:Lang") plus the dative to fulfill that role in certain cases.
- Three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.
- Two numbers: singular and plural.
Comparative vocabulary list
See also
Notes
- Шаблон:Note When Amish communities become too big, a number of families move away and form a new settlement, which is referred to as a daughter settlement. The settlement from which they leave is the mother settlement.[5][6]
References
Sources
- Marthe Philipp and Arlette Bothorel-Witz. 1990. Low Alemannic. In Charles V. J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of modern German: a linguistic survey, 313–336. Routledge.
- Шаблон:In lang [1] François Héran, et al. (2002) "La Dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle". Population et sociétés 376, Ined.
- Шаблон:In lang Le système ORTHAL 2016 – Orthographe alsacienne - Quelques règles de base pour faciliter l’écriture et la lecture de l’alsacien dans toutes ses variantes », Jérôme Do Bentzinger, 2016
- Шаблон:In lang Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:In lang Brunner, Jean-Jacques. L'Alsacien sans peine. ASSiMiL, 2001. Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:In lang Jung, Edmond. Grammaire de L'Alsacien. Dialecte de Strasbourg avec indications historiques. 1983. Straßburg: Ed. Oberlin.
- Шаблон:In lang Laugel-Erny, Elsa. Cours d'alsacien. Les Editions du Quai, 1999.
- Шаблон:In lang Matzen, Raymond, and Léon Daul. Wie Geht's ? Le Dialecte à la portée de tous La Nuée Bleue, 1999. Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:In lang Matzen, Raymond, and Léon Daul. Wie Steht's ? Lexiques alsacien et français, Variantes dialectales, Grammaire La Nuée Bleue, 2000. Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:In lang Steible, Lucie. Le contrôle temporel des consonnes occlusives de l’alsacien et du français parlé en Alsace. Linguistique. Université de Strasbourg, 2014.
- Шаблон:In lang Rünneburger, Henri. Dictionnaire alsacien-francais. 3 vols. Hamburg: Baar 2021 (100.000 lemmata).
External links
- Euromosaic:Шаблон:Dead link The status of Germanic languages in France (on website of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya).
- Alsatian placenames
- Wörterbuch der elsässischen Mundarten Шаблон:In lang
- Alsatian artists
- Webschnuffler, article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on new versions of Microsoft programs in Alsatian Шаблон:In lang
- Office pour la langue et les cultures d'Alsace et de Moselle Шаблон:In lang
- Alsatian dictionary Шаблон:In lang Шаблон:In lang
Шаблон:Languages of Germany Шаблон:Languages of France Шаблон:Alsace topics Шаблон:Germanic languages Шаблон:Authority control
