Английская Википедия:AltGr key

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redir Шаблон:Use dmy dates 

Шаблон:More citations needed
Файл:AltGr - Lenovo.jpg
The AltGr key is the first key to the right of the space bar.

AltGr (also Alt Graph) is a modifier key found on many computer keyboards (rather than a second Alt key found on US keyboards). It is primarily used to type characters that are not widely used in the territory where sold, such as foreign currency symbols, typographic marks and accented letters. On a typical Windows-compatible PC keyboard, the AltGr key, when present, takes the place of the right-hand Alt key. The key at this location will operate as AltGr if a keyboard layout using AltGr is chosen in the operating system, regardless of what is engraved on the key.[1] In macOS, the Option key has functions similar to the AltGr key.

The AltGr key is used as an additional Shift key, to provide a third and a fourth (when Shift is also pressed) grapheme for most keys. Most are accented variants of the letters on the keys, but also additional symbols and punctuation marks. Some languages such as Bengali use this key when the number of letters of their alphabet is too large for a standard keyboard. For example, on the US-International keyboard layout, the Шаблон:Keypress key can be used to insert four different characters:

History

Шаблон:Anchor IBM states that AltGr is an abbreviation for alternate graphic.[2][3]

Файл:Compose key on Sun Type 5c keyboard.jpg
Sun Microsystems keyboard, which labels the key as Alt Graph.

A key labelled with some variation of "Alt Graphic" was on many computer keyboards before the Windows international layouts. On early home computers the alternate graphemes were primarily box-drawing characters.[4]

This likely was the intended purpose of the Alt key on PC keyboards, however software quickly used this as a combination key for shortcuts, requiring a new key for producing additional characters.

Ctrl+Alt

Windows interprets Шаблон:Keypress as Шаблон:Keypress, to accommodate some compact keyboards like those of netbooks which have neither the AltGr key nor a right-hand Alt key. Thus Шаблон:Keypress has the same effect as Шаблон:Keypress. Because of this feature, Microsoft advises that Шаблон:Keypress not be used as part of any application keyboard shortcut, as it would prevent typing the matching Шаблон:Keypress character on such keyboards.[5]Шаблон:Efn

Function by default national keyboard

In most of the keyboard diagrams the symbol one gets when holding down AltGr is in blue in the lower-right of the corner. If different, the symbol for Shift+AltGr is shown in the upper-right.

Bangladesh

Файл:KB-Bengali-Jatiyo.svg
Jatiya Layout (Alt Gr activated characters in blue)

Belgium

Файл:Belgian Linux keyboard.svg
Belgian keyboard under Linux (Ubuntu 9.10)

The Windows version of the Belgian keyboard may only support a subset of these characters. Several of the AltGr combinations are themselves dead keys, which are followed by another letter to produce an accented version of that letter.

Brazil

Файл:KB Portuguese Brazil.svg
ABNT complying keyboard layout (Alt Gr activated characters in blue)


Файл:KB Portuguese Brazil ABNT2.svg
ABNT2 complying keyboard layout (Alt Gr activated characters in blue)

Some notes

France

On AZERTY keyboards, AltGr enables the user to type the following characters:

Файл:KB France.svg
French AZERTY keyboard

Germany

On German keyboards, AltGr enables the user to type the following characters, which are indicated on the keyboard:

Файл:KB Germany.svg
German keyboard layout "T1" according to DIN 2137-1:2012-06

Windows 8 introduced the ability of pressing Шаблон:Keypress to produce ẞ (capital ß). Even though this is usually not indicated on the physical keyboard—potentially due to a lack of space, since the ß-key already has three different levels (Шаблон:Keypress → "ß", Шаблон:Keypress → "?", and, as shown above, Шаблон:Keypress → "\")—, it can be seen in the Windows On-Screen Keyboard by selecting the necessary keys with the German keyboard layout selected. Some newer types of German keyboards offer the assignment Шаблон:Keypress → capital ß.

Greece

A Greek keyboard layout

Some of these key combinations also result in different characters if the polytonic layout is used.

Israel

Hebrew

On Hebrew keyboards, AltGr enables the user to type the Hebrew vowels and pronunciation marks. In addition, there are several combinations for special characters: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Yiddish

Using a Hebrew keyboard, one may write in Yiddish as the two languages share many letters. However, Yiddish has some additional digraphs not otherwise found in Hebrew, which are entered via AltGr: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Italy

On Italian keyboards, AltGr enables the user to type the following characters: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

There is an alternate layout, which differ just in disposition of characters accessible through AltGr and includes the tilde and the curly brackets.

Latvia

The following letters can be input in the Latvian keyboard layout using AltGr:

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Lowercase letters

Шаблон:Col-break

Uppercase letters

Шаблон:Col-end

North Macedonia

On Macedonian keyboards, AltGr enables the user to type the following characters: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Netherlands

Шаблон:Hatnote Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Nordic countries and Estonia

The keyboard layouts in the Nordic countries Denmark (DK), Faroe Islands (FO), Finland (FI), Norway (NO) and Sweden (SE) as well as in Estonia (EE) are largely similar to each other. Generally the AltGr key can be used to create the following characters: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Other AltGr combinations are peculiar to just some of the countries: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Finnish multilingual

The Finnish multilingual keyboard standard adds many new characters to the traditional layout via the AltGr key, as shown in the image below (the blue characters can be written with the AltGr key; several dead key diacritics, shown in red, are also available as an AltGr combination).[6][7]

Finnish multilingual keyboard layout

Poland

Typewriters in Poland used a QWERTZ layout specifically designed for the Polish language with accented letters in the Polish alphabet obtainable directly. When personal computers became available worldwide in the 1980s, commercial importing into Poland was not supported by its communist government, so most machines in Poland were brought in by private individuals. Most had US keyboards, and various methods were devised to make available the accented Polish letters. An established method was to configure the [[Alt key|rightШаблон:NbspAlt]] key as an AltGr key and to use it in combination with a Latin base letter to obtain the equivalent precomposed character (accented form of the letter).

(Because there are two types of "z with diacritic" (Шаблон:Char and Шаблон:Char), Шаблон:Keypress is a special case.)

At the time of the Fall of communism and opening of commercial import channels this practice was so widespread that it was adopted as the de facto standard. Nowadays nearly all PCs in Poland have standard US keyboards and use the AltGr method to enter Polish diacritics. This keyboard mapping is referred to as the Polish programmers' layout (Шаблон:Lang) or simply Polish layout.

Another layout is still used on typewriters, mostly by professional typists. Computer keyboards with this layout are available, though difficult to find, and supported by a number of operating systems; they are known as Polish typists' layout (Шаблон:Lang). Older Polish versions of Microsoft Windows used this layout, describing it as Polish layout. On current versions it is referred to as Polish (214).

Romania

The keymap with the AltGr key: < Romanian standard

+ the signs mostly pressed with Шаблон:Keypress prints the US keyboard signs Romanian standard> 

 â  ß  €  r  ț  y  u  î  o  §  „  ”
  ă  ș  đ  f  g  h  j  k  ł  ;
    z  x  ©  v  b  n  m  «  »

Russia

Since release 1903, versions of Windows 10 have the binding:

South Slavic Latin and Czech keyboards

On South Slavic Latin (used in Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia) and on Czech keyboards, the following letters and special characters are created using AltGr: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Slovenian/Croatian/Serbian (Latin) keyboard layout

South Slavic cyrillic keyboards use a different layout.

Switzerland

On Swiss keyboards, AltGr in combination with the following keys types the following characters: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Switzerland has four national Languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh). The Swiss keyboard layout is therefore designed with compatibility in mind for all four languages. In German-speaking and Romansh-speaking Switzerland (as well as the Czech Republic), the Swiss German layout is used, while in the French-speaking and Italian-speaking Switzerland, the Swiss French layout is used. The two layouts only differ on three keys—OEM1, OEM5, and OEM7. On the Swiss German layout, these three keys are labelled Шаблон:Keypress, Шаблон:Keypress, and Шаблон:Keypress, respectively, while on the Swiss French layout, the labels are inverted as Шаблон:Keypress, Шаблон:Keypress, and Шаблон:Keypress; namely, the base layer and the Шаблон:Keypress layer are swapped. However, with respect to the Шаблон:Keypress layer, the region-specific layouts are irrelevant.

Swiss German: Шаблон:Keypress → {

Swiss French: Шаблон:Keypress → {

Turkey

In Turkish keyboard variants the AltGr can be used to display the following characters:

Шаблон:Col-begin

Шаблон:Col-end

Ukraine

In Ukrainian (enhanced) keyboard, added in Windows Vista, combination Шаблон:Keypress (or as it is written in Cyrillic keyboards Шаблон:Keypress gives letter ґ and Ґ.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Шаблон:Broader United Kingdom keyboard layout

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

In UK and Ireland keyboard layouts, only two alternative use symbols are printed on most keyboards, which require the AltGr key to function. These are:

  • € the euro sign. Located on the "4/$" key.
  • ¦ the broken bar symbol. Located on the "`/¬" key, to the immediate left of "1".

Using the AltGr key on Linux produces many foreign characters and international symbols, e.g. ¹²³€½{[]}@łe¶ŧ←↓→øþæßðđŋħjĸł«»¢“”nµΩŁE®Ŧ¥↑ıØÞƧЪŊĦJ&Ł<>©‘’Nº×÷· (If reconfigured as a compose key, an even larger repertoire is available).

With the UK extended keyboard setting (below), ChromeOS offers a large repertoire of symbols and precomposed characters.

Scotland and Wales

For the diacritics used by Welsh (ŵ and ŷ) and Scottish Gaelic (à, è, ì, ò and ù), the UK extended keyboard setting is needed. This makes available Шаблон:Keypress (for circumflex accent) and Шаблон:Keypress (for grave accent) as dead keys.

UK extended keyboard layout

The UK-Extended keyboard mapping (available with Microsoft Windows, Linux and ChromeOS) allows many characters with diacritical marks (including those used in other European countries) to be generated by using the AltGr key or dead keys in combination with others.

UK extended layout under ChromeOS
¬ Шаблон:Green
Шаблон:Red Шаблон:Green		 ! Шаблон:Green
1 Шаблон:Green		 " Шаблон:Green
2 Шаблон:Green		 £ Шаблон:Green
3 Шаблон:Green		 $ Шаблон:Green
4 Шаблон:Green		 % Шаблон:Green
5 Шаблон:Green		 ^ Шаблон:Green
6 Шаблон:Green		 & Шаблон:Green
7 Шаблон:Green		 * Шаблон:Green
8 Шаблон:Green		 ( Шаблон:Green
9 Шаблон:Green		 ) Шаблон:Green
0 Шаблон:Green}		 _ Шаблон:Green
- Шаблон:Green		 + Шаблон:Green
= Шаблон:Green
tab Q Шаблон:Green
q Шаблон:Green		 W Шаблон:Green
w Шаблон:Green		 E Шаблон:Green
e Шаблон:Green		 R Шаблон:Green
r Шаблон:Green		 T Шаблон:Green
t Шаблон:Green		 Y Шаблон:Green
y Шаблон:Green		 U Шаблон:Green
u Шаблон:Green		 I Шаблон:Green
i Шаблон:Green		 O Шаблон:Green
o Шаблон:Green		 P Шаблон:Green
p Шаблон:Green		 { Шаблон:Green
[ Шаблон:Green		 } Шаблон:Green
] Шаблон:Green
◉ A Шаблон:Green
a Шаблон:Green		 S Шаблон:Green
s Шаблон:Green		 D Шаблон:Green
d Шаблон:Green		 F Шаблон:Green
f Шаблон:Green		 G Шаблон:Green
g Шаблон:Green		 H Шаблон:Green
h Шаблон:Green		 J Шаблон:Green
j Шаблон:Green		 K Шаблон:Green
k Шаблон:Green		 L Шаблон:Green
l Шаблон:Green		 : Шаблон:Green
; Шаблон:Green		 @ Шаблон:Green
' Шаблон:Green		 ~ Шаблон:Green
# Шаблон:Green
shift | Шаблон:Green
\ Шаблон:Green		 Z Шаблон:Green
z Шаблон:Green		 X Шаблон:Green
x Шаблон:Green		 C Шаблон:Green
c Шаблон:Green		 V Шаблон:Green
v Шаблон:Green		 B Шаблон:Green
b Шаблон:Green		 N Шаблон:Green
n Шаблон:Green		 M Шаблон:Green
m Шаблон:Green		 < Шаблон:Green
, Шаблон:Green		 > Шаблон:Green
. Шаблон:Green		 ? Шаблон:Green
/ Шаблон:Green

Notes: Dotted circle (◌) is used here to indicate a dead key. The Шаблон:Keypress (grave accent) key is the only one that acts as a free-standing dead key and thus does not respond as shown on the key-cap. All others are invoked by AltGr.
Шаблон:Keypress (°) is a degree sign; Шаблон:Keypress (º) is a masculine ordinal indicator. For a complete list of the characters available using dead keys, see QWERTY#ChromeOS.

United States

Most keyboards sold in the US do not have an (engraved) Шаблон:Keypress key. However, if there is an right-hand Шаблон:Keypress key it will act as Шаблон:Keypress if a layout using it is installed (conversely a foreign keyboard Шаблон:Keypress will act like the right-hand Шаблон:Keypress if the standard US keyboard layout is installed).

US-International

Шаблон:Broader Microsoft provides a US-International keyboard layout that uses Шаблон:Keypress (or right-hand Шаблон:Keypress or Шаблон:Keypress) key to produce more characters:

US-International keyboard layout

Red characters are dead keys; for example ä can be entered with Шаблон:Keypress.

Other operating systems such as Linux and ChromeOS follow this layout but increase the repertoire of glyphs provided.

X Window System

In the X Window System (Linux, BSD, Unix), AltGr can often be used to produce additional characters with almost every key on the keyboard. Furthermore, with some keys, AltGr will produce a dead key; for example on a UK keyboard, semicolon can be used to add an acute accent to a base letter, and left square bracket can be used to add a trema:

This use of dead keys enables one to type a wide variety of precomposed characters that combine various diacritics with either uppercase or lowercase letters, achieving a similar effect to the Compose key.

Keyboard maps

Below are some diagrams and examples of country-specific key maps. For the diagrams, the grey symbols are the standard characters, yellow is with Шаблон:Keypress, red is with Шаблон:Keypress, and blue is with Шаблон:Keypress.

Danish keyboard

The Danish keymap features the following key combinations:

Italian keyboard

The Italian keymap includes, among other combinations, the following: Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-break

Шаблон:Col-end

Norwegian keyboard

Файл:Norwegian X Window key map with its AltGr combinations.png
The complete Norwegian X Window key map with its AltGr combinations

Polish keyboard

The Polish keymap on X-based systems features changed combination for € sign:

Шаблон:Keypress results in ↓ instead. It also introduces several symbols and characters from different languages, including among others:

Swedish keyboard

Файл:KB Sweden AltGr.svg
The complete Swedish X Window key map with its AltGr combinations

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Keyboard Шаблон:Keyboard keys

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IBM-1 не указан текст
  3. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IBM-2 не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Kaplan не указан текст
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок SFS не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Kotoistus не указан текст
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:AltGr_key&oldid=13089165