Английская Википедия:Alternation (linguistics)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:IPA notice Шаблон:Sound change
In linguistics, an alternation is the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization. Each of the various realizations is called an alternant. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, morphological, and/or syntactic environment in which the morpheme finds itself.
Alternations provide linguists with data that allow them to determine the allophones and allomorphs of a language's phonemes and morphemes and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those allophones and allomorphs.
The term "sound change" refers to diachronic changes, which occur in a language's sound system. On the other hand, "alternation" refers to changes that happen synchronically (within the language of an individual speaker, depending on the neighbouring sounds) and do not change the language's underlying system.
Phonologically conditioned alternation
An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the English plural marker commonly spelled s or es.[1] This morpheme is pronounced Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA,[note 1] depending on the nature of the preceding sound.
- If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant (one of Шаблон:IPA), or an affricate (one of Шаблон:IPA), the plural marker takes the form Шаблон:IPA. Examples:
- mass Шаблон:IPA, plural masses Шаблон:IPA
- fez Шаблон:IPA, plural fezzes Шаблон:IPA
- mesh Шаблон:IPA, plural meshes Шаблон:IPA
- mirage Шаблон:IPA, plural mirages Шаблон:IPA
- church Шаблон:IPA, plural churches Шаблон:IPA
- bridge Шаблон:IPA, plural bridges Шаблон:IPA
- Otherwise, if the preceding sound is voiceless, the plural marker takes the likewise voiceless form Шаблон:IPA. Examples:
- mop Шаблон:IPA, plural mops Шаблон:IPA
- mat Шаблон:IPA, plural mats Шаблон:IPA
- pack Шаблон:IPA, plural packs Шаблон:IPA
- cough Шаблон:IPA, plural coughs Шаблон:IPA
- myth Шаблон:IPA, plural myths Шаблон:IPA
- Otherwise, the preceding sound is voiced, and the plural marker takes the likewise voiced form Шаблон:IPA.
- dog Шаблон:IPA, plural dogs Шаблон:IPA
- glove Шаблон:IPA, plural gloves Шаблон:IPA
- ram Шаблон:IPA, plural rams Шаблон:IPA
- doll Шаблон:IPA, plural dolls Шаблон:IPA
- toe Шаблон:IPA, plural toes Шаблон:IPA
Morphologically conditioned alternation
French has an example of morphologically conditioned alternation. The feminine form of many adjectives ends in a consonant sound that is missing in the masculine form. In spelling, the feminine ends in a silent e, while the masculine ends in a silent consonant letter:[2]
- masculine petit Шаблон:IPA, feminine petite Шаблон:IPA "small"
- masculine grand Шаблон:IPA, feminine grande Шаблон:IPA "tall"
- masculine gros Шаблон:IPA, feminine grosse Шаблон:IPA "big"
- masculine joyeux Шаблон:IPA, feminine joyeuse Шаблон:IPA "merry"
- masculine franc Шаблон:IPA, feminine franche Шаблон:IPA "sincere"
- masculine bon Шаблон:IPA, feminine bonne Шаблон:IPA "good"
Syntactically conditioned alternation
Syntactically conditioned alternations can be found in the Insular Celtic languages, where words undergo various initial consonant mutations depending on their syntactic position.[3] For example, in Irish, an adjective undergoes lenition after a feminine singular noun:
- unmutated mór Шаблон:IPA "big", mutated in bean mhór Шаблон:IPA "a big woman"
In Welsh, a noun undergoes soft mutation when it is the direct object of a finite verb:
- unmutated beic Шаблон:IPA "bike", mutated in Prynodd y ddynes feic Шаблон:IPA "The woman bought a bike"
See also
Notes
References
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