Английская Википедия:Althea Garrison

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Althea Garrison (born October 7, 1940)[1] is an American politician from Boston, Massachusetts who previously served a single term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives (1993–1995) and a partial term as an at-large councilor on the Boston City Council (2019–2020). She is considered the earliest transgender person known to have been elected to a state legislature in the United States.[2][3] She was outed against her will by the Boston Herald after her 1992 election.[4] She is a perennial candidate, having been an unsuccessful candidate for political office more than forty times.

In her only successful campaign, Garrison won election as a Republican to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1992. She served one term from 1993 to 1995, losing her bid for reelection in 1994. Both before and after this, she has run for office many other times. Her campaigns have seen her run under different party affiliations, varyingly running as Republican, a Democrat, and an independent.[5][6] Garrison, in the 2010s, described her political ideology as "independent conservative".

Garrison served as an at-large member of the Boston City Council from January 2019 to January 2020 due to a vacancy left by Ayanna Pressley's election to the United States House of Representatives. Because Garrison was the next-place finisher in the 2017 Boston City Council election, Boston City Charter rules gave Garrison the right of first refusal to assume the seat vacated by Pressley.[7] Garrison lost her bid for re-election in November 2019.[8]

Background

Born in Hahira, Georgia,[1][9] as the youngest of seven children,[10][9][11] Garrison attended Hahira High School there.[1] Garrison moved to Boston to attend beauty school,[9] but went on to enroll in Newbury Junior College and received an associate degree there.[1][9] Garrison later received a B.S. degree in administration from Suffolk University, an M.S. degree in management from Lesley College, and a certificate in special studies in administration and management from Harvard University.[1][12]

According to records in the Suffolk County Probate Court, Garrison petitioned for a name change to Althea Garrison in 1976.[13] The petition stated that the name Althea Garrison "is consistent with petitioner's appearance and medical condition and is the name by which he Шаблон:Sic will be known in the future."[13][14]

Besides her one term in the Massachusetts House, Garrison has worked as a clerk in human resources for the Massachusetts state comptroller's office, where she used her vacation time to run for office.[11] She served for four years on the Metropolitan Area Planning Council.[15]

Political career

Early years

In 1982 and 1986, Garrison ran unsuccessfully for the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Democrat.[16] She ran unsuccessfully for Boston City Council in 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, and 1991. During the 1991 campaign, the Boston Herald noted that she had run for office nine times,[17] although Garrison herself later described the race as her 10th or 11th bid for office.[18] In the 1991 race, Garrison finished in third place in the District 7 preliminary election.[19]

Massachusetts House

In 1992, Garrison ran successfully for the 5th Suffolk district in the Massachusetts House, representing the Dorchester and Roxbury areas of Boston. Garrison's 1992 election to the legislature was made possible in part by the fact that she challenged some of the signatures that the then-incumbent representative, Nelson Merced, had submitted to qualify for the Democratic primary ballot. Her challenge was successful and meant that Garrison did not have to run against an incumbent in the general election.[10] In the general election, Garrison defeated Democratic candidate Irene Roman, 2,451 votes to 2,014.[20]

The fact that Garrison had been formerly known as a male was not widely publicized until shortly after she was elected to the legislature.[10][13] When the Boston Herald asked whether she was a man, Garrison denied it and ended the conversation when asked about her past, including her name change.[13][4]

In the Massachusetts House, Garrison consistently voted in favor of labor unions, resulting in her being endorsed for re-election by the Massachusetts AFL-CIO[21] and eight unions.[16] On many votes, she voted with the Democrats in the legislature rather than with the Republicans.[16] However, she opposed same-sex marriage and abortion.[4]

Garrison was defeated in her 1994 bid for re-election by Democratic nominee Charlotte Golar Richie by a margin of 2,108 votes to 1,718.[22]

Unsuccessful bids for office

Garrison has run for office at least 44 times, all but once unsuccessfully. Шаблон:Quote box

Offices sought (summary table)
Office Elections run Primary election campaigns General election campaigns
Massachusetts House 19 15 campaigns, 5 successes
9 Democratic primaries
6 Republican primaries (5 successes)		 11 campaigns, 1 victory
(Republican nominee 6x, independent candidate 5x)
Massachusetts Senate 4 3 campaigns, 2 successes
2 Republican primaries		 2 campaigns
(Republican nominee 2x)
Boston mayor
(nonpartisan)		 1 1 campaign Шаблон:N/A
Boston City Council at-large council seat
(nonpartisan)		 10 9 campaigns, 7 successes
(note: 2017 election lacked a primary)		 8 campaigns
Boston City Council district-constituency seat
(nonpartisan)		 8 8 campaigns, 2 successes 3 campaigns
(2x on ballot, 1x as a write-in)
Suffolk County Register of Probate 1 Шаблон:N/A 1 campaign
(independent candidate 1x)
Republican State Committeewoman 1 Шаблон:N/A 1 campaign

Boston City Council tenure

Garrison took the at-large seat of former councillor Ayanna Pressley on the Boston City Council, as Pressley left the City Council following her November 2018 election to Congress from Massachusetts's 7th congressional district.[23] City rules require that vacancies for the at-large council seats are filled by the next-placed candidate in the previous election, which was Garrison in November 2017.[24] Garrison was sworn in on January 9, 2019.[25][26] Garrison claimed that she had, despite ideological differences, supported Pressley's campaign for the House of Representatives with the knowledge that, if Pressley were elected, Garrison would have the opportunity to be Pressley's City Council successor by virtue of her own finish in the previous city council election.[27]

Garrison differed ideologically from the rest of the city councilors. She was noted to be the only strong conservative on the Boston City Council. She was noted to be a strong supporter of then-president Donald Trump and an ardent backer of the Boston Police Department.[28] Around the time she joined the Boston City Council, Garrison described herself as an "independent conservative".[29] She once explained, "I'm basically a conservative, but I also have some liberal ideas," and also explained, "I am a conservative, I am independent also," calling herself "a Black conservative."[27] In a separate instance, she described herself and her voter base as being "moderate to conservative". She described her views as more closely aligned with the Republican Party than the Democratic Party.[30]

As a city councilor, Garrison supported reviving rent control in the city.[31][32] In April 2019, she introduced a home rule petition for the city to seek state permission to reinstate rent control in the city. The petition was heavily criticized by many fellow city council members.[32][33] She also voiced support for eviction control and price controls related to development.[30] Garrison was supportive of the controversial "Operation Clean Sweep" effort by the police in August 2019 which saw 34 arrests in a two-day period in the so-called "Methadone Mile".[32] Garrison proposed a pro-police resolution in the aftermath of Super Happy Fun America's 2019 "Straight Pride Parade" and unrest that occurred related to it.[34][35] Garrison opposed a proposal by Councilor Michelle Wu to generate revenue by imposing fees for residential parking permits. While believing that planning and development needed to be "community based", Garrison dismissed a proposal by Councilor Wu to abolish the current Boston Planning and Development Agency as merely being a ploy for reelection by Wu.[30]

In late-February 2019, Garrison proposed a measure to hold a hearing on the possibility of withholding city payments to the MBTA over the state of its service. At the time, the MBTA was proposing divisive fare increases. The measure was signed-onto by a majority of councilors. Councilor Michelle Wu had introduced a similar measure the year prior.[36]

Boston City Councilors can invite local religious leaders to deliver the City Council's convocation.[37] In her first turn to select the convocation, Garrison invited pastor and right-wing perennial candidate Roy Owens. Owens is vocally anti-LGBT.[37][38]

Garrison was a candidate for re-election in the November 2019 election, but finished seventh in the general election field of eight candidates.[39] In that election, she had urged voters to unseat the three other three sitting at-large city councilors (Michael F. Flaherty, Annissa Essaibi George, and Michelle Wu), and urged voters to "bullet vote" by casting a vote only for her in the at-large councilor column instead of voting for multiple (up to four) candidates.[30]

In December 2019, the lame duck Garrison was one of only three city councilors to vote against a home rule petition requesting the state allow the city to impose a real estate transfer tax.[40]

Personal life

Garrison is a transgender woman. After being outed by the Boston Herald in 1992, Garrison did not publicly discuss her gender identity until 2023, when she shared that she identifies as trans and had begun the process of socially and medically transitioning in the 1960s.[41] Before 2023, despite it being public knowledge that she was transgender, Garrison avoided publicly discussing the topic of her being a transgender individual,[42] and had not publicly identified herself as being transgender; merely identifying herself as a woman, without any further elaboration.[27]

Garrison is known not to embrace the use of technology,[43] remarking in 2018, "I don't do computers, I don't do technology."[27]

Garrison is also seen as adverse to granting the news media access to herself, with Quincy Walters of WBUR writing in a 2018 profile, Шаблон:Quote

Electoral history

Massachusetts House

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Massachusetts Senate

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Boston mayor

2001 Boston mayoral election
Candidates Preliminary Election[44] General Election[44]
Votes % Votes %
Thomas Menino (incumbent) 31,715 73.37 68,011 76.06
Peggy Davis-Mullen 9,958 23.04 21,393 23.93
Althea Garrison 1,552 3.59

Boston City Council

1983 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates[45] Preliminary Election[46][47] General Election[48]
Votes % Votes %
Michael J. McCormack (incumbent) 52,315 12.3% 87,143 Шаблон:Percentage
Christopher A. Iannella (incumbent) 66,647 15.6% 85,204 Шаблон:Percentage
Joseph M. Tierney (incumbent) 62,850 14.7% 82,600 Шаблон:Percentage
Dapper O'Neil (incumbent) 64,410 15.1% 79,086 Шаблон:Percentage
Terence P. McDermott (incumbent) 61,436 14.4% 77,096 Шаблон:Percentage
Jean Sullivan McKeigue 48,265 11.3% 73,064 Шаблон:Percentage
Willie Mae Allen 21,369 5.0% 32,556 Шаблон:Percentage
Althea Garrison 19,908 4.7% 26,564 Шаблон:Percentage
Joseph Mirisola 14,914 3.5%  
Leslie F. Payne 14,199 3.3%  
1985 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates[49] Preliminary Election[50] General Election[51]
Votes % Votes %
Dapper O'Neil (incumbent) 22,792 Шаблон:Percentage 36,686 Шаблон:Percentage
Joseph M. Tierney (incumbent) 17,014 Шаблон:Percentage 34,427 Шаблон:Percentage
Christopher A. Iannella (incumbent) 19,183 Шаблон:Percentage 33,883 Шаблон:Percentage
Michael J. McCormack (incumbent) 17,329 Шаблон:Percentage 27,976 Шаблон:Percentage
Frederick C. Langone 16,900 Шаблон:Percentage 26,365 Шаблон:Percentage
Michael W. Kane 10,018 Шаблон:Percentage 17,175 Шаблон:Percentage
Willie Mae Allen 6268 Шаблон:Percentage 12,533 Шаблон:Percentage
Althea Garrison 3565 Шаблон:Percentage 6402 Шаблон:Percentage
Kenneth C. Davis 2130 Шаблон:Percentage  
John P. Scialdone 1588 Шаблон:Percentage  
Richard A. Black 972 Шаблон:Percentage  
Little L. Pittman 808 Шаблон:Percentage  
Edward P. Malik 723 Шаблон:Percentage  
1987 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates[52] Preliminary Election[53] General Election[54]
Votes % Votes %
Dapper O'Neil (incumbent) 29,052 Шаблон:Percentage 47,817 Шаблон:Percentage
Christopher A. Iannella (incumbent) 23,906 Шаблон:Percentage 45,472 Шаблон:Percentage
Rosaria Salerno 19,346 Шаблон:Percentage 39,089 Шаблон:Percentage
Michael J. McCormack (incumbent) 16,793 Шаблон:Percentage 36,326 Шаблон:Percentage
Joseph W. Casper 15,694 Шаблон:Percentage 32,548 Шаблон:Percentage
Frederick C. Langone 19,521 Шаблон:Percentage 30,447 Шаблон:Percentage
Michael W. Kane 13,678 Шаблон:Percentage 27,573 Шаблон:Percentage
Stephen J. Murphy 13,309 Шаблон:Percentage 22,744 Шаблон:Percentage
Kevin A. McCluskey 11,431 Шаблон:Percentage  
Althea Garrison 6669 Шаблон:Percentage  
Edward T. Kelley 5123 Шаблон:Percentage  
David J. McKay 4198 Шаблон:Percentage  
1989 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates[55] Preliminary Election[56] General Election[57]
Votes % Votes %
Dapper O'Neil (incumbent) 21,764 Шаблон:Percentage 40,106 Шаблон:Percentage
Christopher A. Iannella (incumbent) 20,142 Шаблон:Percentage 38,357 Шаблон:Percentage
Rosaria Salerno (incumbent) 19,478 Шаблон:Percentage 35,654 Шаблон:Percentage
Michael J. McCormack (incumbent) 19,073 Шаблон:Percentage 31,170 Шаблон:Percentage
John A. Nucci 14,646 Шаблон:Percentage 30,466 Шаблон:Percentage
John N. Flanagan 13,676 Шаблон:Percentage 22,359 Шаблон:Percentage
Joseph W. Casper 10,103 Шаблон:Percentage 18,069 Шаблон:Percentage
Althea Garrison 5042 Шаблон:Percentage 11,281 Шаблон:Percentage
Glenn Fiscus 2365 Шаблон:Percentage  
1991 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates[58] Preliminary Election[59] General Election[60]
Votes % Votes %
Anthony Crayton 836 Шаблон:Percentage 3129 Шаблон:Percentage
Roy A. Owens 974 Шаблон:Percentage 2314 Шаблон:Percentage
Althea Garrison 703 Шаблон:Percentage  
Ben Haith 691 Шаблон:Percentage  
James A. West 666 Шаблон:Percentage  
Hattie Dudley 395 Шаблон:Percentage  
Natalie E. Carithers 211 Шаблон:Percentage  
1995 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates[61] Preliminary Election[62] General Election[63]
Votes % Votes %
Gareth R. Saunders (incumbent) 1262 Шаблон:Percentage 2361 Шаблон:Percentage
Althea Garrison 553 Шаблон:Percentage 1441 Шаблон:Percentage
Roy A. Owens 254 Шаблон:Percentage  
Moses E. Wilson Jr. 209 Шаблон:Percentage  
1997 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates[64] Preliminary Election[65] General Election[66]
Votes % Votes %
Gareth R. Saunders (incumbent) 851 Шаблон:Percentage 2278 Шаблон:Percentage
Althea Garrison 360 Шаблон:Percentage 1430 Шаблон:Percentage
Roy A. Owens 349 Шаблон:Percentage  
Anthony Crayton 341 Шаблон:Percentage  
Robert L. Terrell 200 Шаблон:Percentage  
1999 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates[67] Preliminary Election[68] General Election[69]
Votes % Votes %
Chuck Turner 1153 Шаблон:Percentage 2419 Шаблон:Percentage
Tracy Litthcut 590 Шаблон:Percentage 1726 Шаблон:Percentage
Julio Henriquez 339 Шаблон:Percentage  
Roy A. Owens 314 Шаблон:Percentage  
Althea Garrison 282 Шаблон:Percentage  
Anthony Crayton 255 Шаблон:Percentage  
Hassan Ali Williams 122 Шаблон:Percentage  
Richard Masterson 115 Шаблон:Percentage  
Scotland Willis 70 Шаблон:Percentage  
Kenneth Yarbrough 65 Шаблон:Percentage  
Roger Garvin 51 Шаблон:Percentage  
Thelma Barros 47 Шаблон:Percentage  
2003 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates[70] Preliminary Election[71][72] General Election[73][74]
Votes % Votes %
Michael F. Flaherty (incumbent) 20,307 18.21 36,387 18.33
Felix D. Arroyo (incumbent) 14,379 12.89 34,685 17.48
Maura Hennigan (incumbent) 15,916 14.27 33,596 16.93
Stephen J. Murphy (incumbent) 17,597 15.78 30,510 15.37
Patricia H. White 16,439 14.74 29,649 14.94
Matt O'Malley 7,025 6.30 12,929 6.51
Althea Garrison 5,050 4.53 10,524 5.30
Roy Owens 4,356 3.91 10,204 5.14
Jacquelyne Payne-Thompson 2,723 2.44  
Phyllis Yetman Igoe 1,940 1.74  
Edward Puglielli 1,705 1.53  
Laura Garza 1,604 1.44  
Arthur "Lucky" Craffey 1,594 1.43  
Joseph Anthony Ureneck 907 0.81  
2005 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates Preliminary Election[75] General Election[76]
Votes % Votes %
Michael F. Flaherty (incumbent) 17,828 13.90 49,220 17.58
Felix D. Arroyo (incumbent) 15,690 12.23 43,533 15.55
Sam Yoon 13,165 10.27 41,891 14.96
Stephen J. Murphy (incumbent) 14,094 10.99 35,553 12.70
John R. Connolly 14,287 11.14 31,629 11.30
Matt O'Malley 12,070 9.41 28,318 10.12
Patricia H. White 12,895 10.05 26,999 9.64
Edward M. Flynn 11,092 8.65 21,778 7.78
Althea Garrison 4824 3.76  
Kevin R. Mccrea 3661 2.85  
Roy Owens 3622 2.82  
Laura Garza 1807 1.41  
Gregory Joseph O'Connell 1174 0.92  
Martin J. Hogan 1031 0.80  
Joseph Ready 675 0.53  
Joseph Ureneck 17Шаблон:Dagger 0.01 133Шаблон:Dagger 0.05
Gibran Rivera 17Шаблон:Dagger 0.01  
all others 297 0.23 874 0.31

Шаблон:Dagger write-in votes

2009 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates Preliminary Election[77] General Election[78]
Votes % Votes %
Chuck Turner (incumbent) 3,648 52.57 5,521 59.83
Carlos Henriquez 1,659 23.91 3,644 39.49
Althea Garrison 995 14.34
Roy Owens 610 8.79

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2011 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates Preliminary Election[79] General Election[80]
Votes % Votes %
Tito Jackson (incumbent) 1,876 76.07 4,818 84.35
Sheneal Parker 273 11.07 799 13.99
Althea Garrison 216 8.76 47Шаблон:Dagger 0.82
Roy Owens 85 3.45
all others 16Шаблон:Dagger 0.65 48Шаблон:Dagger 0.84
Total 2,466 100 5,712 100

Шаблон:Dagger write-in votes

2013 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidates Preliminary Election[81] General Election[82]
Votes % Votes %
Ayanna Pressley (incumbent) 42,915 16.71 60,799 18.30
Michelle Wu 29,384 11.44 59,741 17.98
Michael F. Flaherty 39,904 15.54 55,104 16.59
Stephen J. Murphy (incumbent) 31,728 12.35 44,993 13.54
Annissa Essaibi George 12,244 4.77 30,538 9.19
Jeffrey Michael Ross 13,939 5.43 28,879 8.69
Martin J. Keogh 15,743 6.13 26,500 7.98
Jack F. Kelly III 11,909 4.64 23,967 7.22
Catherine M. O'Neill 10,952 4.26  
Althea Garrison 10,268 4.00  
Ramon Soto 9928 3.87  
Philip Arthur Frattaroli 5832 2.27  
Gareth R. Saunders 5363 2.09  
Christopher J. Conroy 3433 1.34  
Seamus M. Whelan 3118 1.21  
Francisco L. White 2745 1.07  
Douglas D. Wohn 2382 0.93  
Frank John Addivinola Jr. 2240 0.87  
Keith B. Kenyon 1950 0.76  
Jamarhl Crawford 21Шаблон:Dagger 0.01  
all others 832 0.32 1658 0.50

Шаблон:Dagger write-in votes

2015 Boston City Council district 7 election
Candidates Preliminary Election[83] General Election[84]
Votes % Votes %
Tito Jackson (incumbent) 1409 66.40 2983 66.64
Charles L. Clemons Jr. 381 17.95 1444 32.26
Haywood Fennell Sr. 104 4.90  
Althea Garrison 98 4.62 16Шаблон:Dagger 0.36
Roy Owens 74 3.49  
Kevin A. Dwire 34 1.60  
all others 22 1.04 33 0.74

Шаблон:Dagger write-in votes

Шаблон:Election box begin no party no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box end

2019 Boston at-large City Council election
Candidate Primary election[85] General election[86]
Votes % Votes %
Michelle Wu (incumbent) 26,622 19.41 41,664 20.73
Annissa Essaibi George (incumbent) 18,993 13.85 34,109 16.97
Michael F. Flaherty (incumbent) 18,766 13.68 33,284 16.56
Julia Mejia 10,799 7.87 22,492 11.19
Alejandra Nicole St. Guillen 11,910 8.68 22,491 11.19
Erin J. Murphy 9,385 6.84 16,867 8.39
Althea Garrison (incumbent) 9,720 7.09 16,189 8.05
David Halbert 6,354 4.76 13,214 6.57
Martin Marty Keogh 6,246 4.55  
Jeffrey Michael Ross 5,078 3.70  
Priscilla E. Flint-Banks 4,094 2.98  
Domingos DaRosa 2,840 2.07  
Michel Denis 2,108 1.54  
William A. King 1,809 1.32  
Herb Alexander Lozano 1,510 1.10  
all others 766 0.56 704 0.35
2021 Boston City Council at-large election
Candidate Primary election[87] General election[88]
Votes % Votes %
Michael F. Flaherty (incumbent) 41,509 15.00 62,602 17.42
Julia Mejia (incumbent) 38,919 14.07 62,058 17.27
Ruthzee Louijeune 33,546 12.12 54,898 15.28
Erin J. Murphy 22,938 8.29 43,076 11.99
David Halbert 17,012 6.15 42,765 11.90
Carla B. Monteiro 18,911 6.83 39,876 11.10
Bridget M. Nee-Walsh 15,191 5.49 27,591 7.68
Althea Garrison 16,906 6.11 25,078 6.98
Kelly F. Bates 12787 4.62  
Alexander J. Gray 11,320 4.09  
Jon M. Spillane 11,217 4.05  
Said A. Abdikarim 7,767 2.81  
Domingos Darosa 7,011 2.53  
Donnie Dionico Palmer Jr. 6,861 2.48  
Roy A. Owens Sr. 5,265 1.90  
James Rignald Colimon 4,693 1.70  
Nick Vance 3,968 1.43  
Write-ins 873 0.32 1,350 0.38

Шаблон:Election box begin no party no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box candidate no party no change Шаблон:Election box total no party no change Шаблон:Election box end

Suffolk County Register of Probate

Шаблон:Election box begin no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box total no change Шаблон:Election box end

Republican State Committee Woman

Шаблон:Election box begin no change Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link no change Шаблон:Election box total no change Шаблон:Election box end

See also

  • Stacie Laughton, first out transgender person to be elected to state legislature (but resigned before being sworn in)
  • Danica Roem, first out transgender person to be elected and serve in a state legislature

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:S-start Шаблон:S-off Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-bef Шаблон:S-ttl Шаблон:S-aft Шаблон:S-end

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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