Английская Википедия:Altungulata
Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (sensu Шаблон:Harvnb and later authors) is a clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa).[1]
The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by Шаблон:Harvnb, a German zoologist and racial theorist. It was resurrected by Шаблон:Harvnb by including sirenians and excluding South American ungulates, phenacodontids, and meniscotheriids from the original concept.[2]
The name "Altungulata", introduced by Шаблон:Harvnb and revised by Шаблон:Harvnb,[1] was erected as an alternative because the updated concept of "Pantomesaxonia" was regarded too deviant from the original concept.[2]
Both names are still in use, and, to add to the confusion, various authors assign different ranks to the involved taxa. For example, according to Шаблон:Harvnb, Phenacodonta (Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) and Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata.[3]
Altungulata is not supported by molecular evidence unless perissodactyls are excluded (thus dividing Altungulata into Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria), and the validity of the following uniting synapomorphies remain disputed:[1]
- bilophodonty, two lophs or crests running transversally across the crown of the tooth
- large third molars
- molarization of posterior premolars
- elongated thoracic region with at least 19 vertebrae
- clavicle absent
- similar development of fetal membranes
Recent studies on Abdounodus showcase that dental synapomorphies between both groups arose independently, further discrediting the Altungulata hypothesis.[4]
Classification
The classification below is from Шаблон:Harvnb. Paenungulata together with Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, and the lipotyphlan families Tenrecidae and Chrysochloridae compose Afrotheria. With the exclusion of the better known Radinskya and Minchenella from Phenacolophidae, their affinities to Embrithropoda are suspect, and they were regarded as Altungulata incertae sedis by Mao et al. (2015).[5]
Altungulata Prothero and Schoch 1989
- †Radinskya,
- †Olbitherium
- †Phenacolophidae Zhang 1978
- †Ganolophus Zhang 1979
- †Phenacolophus Matthew and Granger 1925 (= Procoryphodon Flerow 1957)
- †Sanshuilophus Mao et al. 2015
- †Tieshanilophus Tong 1979
- †Yuelophus Zhang 1978
- †Zaisanolophus Gabunia 1998
- Order Perissodactyla
- Suborder Hippomorpha
- Superfamily Equoidea
- Suborder Tapiromorpha
- †Isectolophidae
- Infraorder Ceratomorpha
- Superfamily Tapiroidea
- Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea
- Infraorder †Ancylopoda
- Suborder †Titanotheriomorpha
- Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
- †Brontotheriidae (equoids)
- †Anchilophidae (palaeotheriid equoids?)
- Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
- Suborder Hippomorpha
- Order Paenungulata (=Uranotheria)
- Suborder Hyracoidea (sister taxon of Perissodactyla?)
- Suborder Tethytheria
- Infraorder †Embrithopoda
- Infraorder Sirenia
- Infraorder †Desmostylia
- Infraorder Proboscidea
See also
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRose-2006не указан текст - ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016). "Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556.
- ↑ Fang-Yuan Mao, Yuan-Qing Wang, Qian Li & Xun Jin (2015): New records of archaic ungulates from the Lower Eocene of Sanshui Basin, Guangdong, China, Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2015.1034120
