Английская Википедия:Alwand River

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Файл:خانقين.jpeg
Alwand River in Khanaqin at night with the historical Alwand Bridge on top of it

The Alwand or Halwan (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Lang-ku, Шаблон:Lang-fa) is a river in eastern Iraq and western Iran. It rises in the Zagros Mountains in Iran.[1]

The river flows west from the mountains to the city of Qasr-e Shirin, where it turns south and crosses the border with Iraq. It then divides the city of Khanaqin in two parts. It has played a significant role in land cultivation and in establishment of a strong rural society in the area, and is considered by the people of Khanaqin a symbol for their unity and Kurdish identity.

The river joins the Diyala River at Zengabadh.[1][2]

Name

According to Vladimir Minorsky, the name "Alwand" is related to the name of the historical city of Hulwan, which lay on the river near the present-day city of Sarpol-e Zahab.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Geography

The Alwand basin is located on the western side of the Zagros and covers an area of about 2,700 km2.[2]Шаблон:Rp The climate of this region is semiarid to Mediterranean, with cool winters and dry summers.[2]Шаблон:Rp It receives an average of about 530 mm of rainfall per year.[2]Шаблон:Rp The region is characterized by karst terrain, and there are about 35 karst springs in the Alwand basin (12 major and 23 minor).[2]Шаблон:Rp

Geology

The Alwand basin features seven main anticlines, which are separated from each other by synclines.[2]Шаблон:Rp About 36% of the basin is made up of carbonate formations, primarily the Asmari Formation.[2]Шаблон:Rp The Asmari Formation, which makes up the main body of the anticlines, consists of Tertiary dolomitic limestone and dolomite.[2]Шаблон:Rp Above it lie layers of the marl-and-sandstone Aghajari Formation or the gypsum-and-marl Gachasaran Formation.[2]Шаблон:Rp Below it is the Cretaceous Pabdeh-Gurpi Formation, which consists of marl and shale.[2]Шаблон:Rp Another carbonate formation, the Cretaceous Ilam Formation, is made of limestone and is only exposed in the Patagh anticline.[2]Шаблон:Rp The Asmari Formation, confined beneath the impermeable Aghajari and Gachasaran Formations, is the main aquifer in the Alwand basin.[2]Шаблон:Rp

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Coords


Шаблон:Kurdistan-geo-stub Шаблон:Iraq-river-stub Шаблон:Iran-river-stub