Английская Википедия:Alyutors
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox ethnic group
The Alyutors (Шаблон:Lang-ru; self designation: Алутальу, or Alutal'u; Alyutor: нэмэлу, nəməlʔu;) are an ethnic group (formerly classified as a subgroup of Koryaks[1]) who lived on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East. Today most of them live in Koryak Okrug of Kamchatka Krai.
The name also occurs as Olyutors or Olutors,[2] as well as Olyutorka, a settlement where many of the Alyutor people formerly lived.
There is no precise data on the number of Alyutor people, but it is estimated that there are approximately 2,000 to 3,000 of them living in Russia in the present day.[3]
Language
Шаблон:Main Alyutors spoke the Alyutor language (also known as Nymylan language), which belongs to the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family; however less than 10% of the Alyutors still speak it.[4] Most present Alyutors instead speak Koryak and Russian.[5] Today, many Russian experts believe it to be a separate language, though it was previously considered a dialect of the Koryak language.[6]
History
The Alyutors are mentioned in the very first chronicles about the Russian colonisation of Kamchatka. In 1697, the Russian Cossacks imposed taxes on the Alyutors, who would show armed resistance in the next few years. After the suppression of the 1751 uprising, the number of the Alyutors significantly decreased. Also, they were constantly under attack from the Chukchis, who often confiscated their reindeer herds. In the late 18th century, the Alyutors were an isolated and secluded group of people, which helped them to avoid the smallpox epidemics almost unharmed. Also, such isolation helped them to preserve their traditional way of life.Шаблон:Citation needed
Traditionally the Alyutors were engaged in reindeer breeding, fishing, trapping, and hunting. They positioned their settlements along the rivers on elevated spots with good visibility around them. Octagonal earth houses with vertical walls meant for 3 to 5 families were the only type of housing among the Alyutors up until the 19th century. Beginning in the 1950s and continuing through the 1970s, Alyutor children were sent to boarding schools which increased their loss of the Alyutor language and decreased their training in Alyutor traditions.[4] Many Alyutors became teachers, doctors, geologists, and zoo technicians during the Soviet period.
Presently, the Alyutor traditions, culture, and art are endangered because of the decreases in reindeer population and reproduction caused by the worsening ecology of the region.Шаблон:Citation needed Most Alyutors are practitioners of shamanism and Orthodox Christianity.[5]
Notes
See also
References
Wixman, Ronald (1984) The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook
External links
Шаблон:Indigenous peoples of Russia
- ↑ Young, T. Kue and Bjerregaard, Peter (2008) Health Transitions in Arctic Populations University of Toronto Press, Toronto, p. 75, Шаблон:ISBN, citing the Russian 2002 census
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Krauss, Michael E. (1997). "The Indigenous languages of the North: A Report on their present state: Northern minority languages: problems of Survival" Senri Ethnological Studies (Osaka, Japan) 44: pp 1-34; based on the earlier report: Krauss, Michael E. (1995) The indigenous languages of the North: A report on their present state Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Kibrik, Alexandr E.; Kodzasov, Sandro V. and Muravyova, Irina A. (2000) Yazyk i folklor alutortsev Nasledie, Moscow; English edition: Kibrik, Alexandr E.; Kodzasov, Sandro V. and Muravyova, Irina A. (2004) Language and folklore of the Alutor people (translated by Megumi Kurebito) Osaka Gakuin University, Faculty of Informatics, Osaka, Japan, Шаблон:OCLC
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ See Young (2008), above, for the reclassification of eastern Siberian ethnicities.
- Английская Википедия
- Ethnic groups in Siberia
- Indigenous peoples of North Asia
- Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
- History of the Kamchatka Peninsula
- Kamchatka Peninsula
- Modern nomads
- Nomadic groups in Eurasia
- People from Kamchatka Krai
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
