Английская Википедия:Amadu II of Masina
Шаблон:Infobox officeholder Amadu II of Massina (أحمد بن أحمد حمادي; Шаблон:Lang-ff;Шаблон:Efn c. 1815 – February 1853Шаблон:Sfn), also called Amadu Seku, was the second Almami, or ruler, of the theocratic Caliphate of Hamdullahi or Diina of Hamdullahi in what is now Mali. He held this position from 1845 until his death in 1853. His rule was a short period of relative peace and prosperity between the violent reigns of his father and his son.
Background
Masina is the Inner Niger Delta, a large area where the Niger River divides into separate channels that overflow and flood the land annually.Шаблон:Sfn Some time between 1810 and 1818 Seku Amadu Lobbo of the Bari family launched a jihad against the Fulbe chiefs in Masina, tributaries of the pagan Bambara of Segu, whom he accused of idolatry.Шаблон:Sfn The goals of the jihad soon expanded to that of conquest of the Bambara and others in the region. Seku Amadu established a large empire based on Hamdallahi, which he had founded as the capital.Шаблон:Sfn The empire stretched from just downstream of Segu almost all the way to Timbuktu.Шаблон:Sfn
Seku Amadu Lobbo received support from Tukolor and Fula people who were seeking independence from the Bambara, but met resistance when he imposed a rigorous Islamic theocracy based on the Maliki interpretation of Sharia law. The new theocratic state was ruled by a council of forty elders, who gave directions to provincial governors. Most of the governors were related to Seku Amadu.Шаблон:Sfn
Rule
Seku Amadu Lobbo died on 19 March 1845 and his eldest son, also Amadu, was elected as almami. Technically, the new almami did not have to be a member of the Bari family, but only someone who was learned and pious.Шаблон:Sfn There were several candidates, including Ba Lobbo, the son of Seku Amadu's oldest brother.Шаблон:Sfn Election of Ba Lobbo would have followed the Bari family tradition of succession through a collateral line rather than direct succession.Шаблон:Sfn Others such as Alfa Nuhum Tayru and al-Hadjdj Mody Seydu were better qualified, although not related to the former almami.Шаблон:Sfn However, the council chose the son as almami, while Ba Lobbo became the main leader of the state's army.Шаблон:Sfn
At the start of his rule, Amadu II (Amadu Seku) had to suppress internal opposition. He also faced revolts by the Saro Bambara and the Tuareg around Timbuktu, who declared independence. Ba Lobbo defeated the Tuareg with a surprise attack near Lake Gossi early in 1846. In 1847 the local Kunta leader, Sidi al-Bekkai, managed to persuade Amadu to withdraw his military garrison from Timbuktu, but had to accept Masina rule. Amadu was also able to suppress the Bambara revolt.Шаблон:Sfn
Amadu's rule was a time of relative peace and prosperity compared to those of his father and his son, building on his father's achievement in persuading the formerly nomadic Fula people to settle, and in establishing a strong legal framework for grazing and transhumance rights.Шаблон:Sfn However, Amadu found it hard to maintain the level of enthusiasm for strict Islamic rule that his father had achieved.Шаблон:Sfn
Ahmadu II was killed during a raid on the Bambara.Шаблон:Sfn He died in February 1853.Шаблон:Sfn His tomb may still be seen in Hamdallahi, along with that of his father, in the ruins of the palace.Шаблон:Sfn
Succession
Amadu II nominated his son, also Amadu, as his successor.Шаблон:Sfn In 1853, Amadu III was elected to the position of Almami in accordance with his father's wishes.Шаблон:Sfn Amadu III was handicapped by dissension over his succession within the Bari family, and was never secure in his authority.Шаблон:Sfn Ahmadu III was defeated on 15 May 1862 by the jihadist el Hadj Umar Tall, who occupied Hamdallahi.Шаблон:Sfn The Masina Empire had lasted little more than forty years.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes and references
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