Английская Википедия:Aman (Islam)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Fiqh Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang-ar) is the Islamic law concept of guaranteeing the security of a person (who is then called Шаблон:Transl) or a group of people for a limited time.Шаблон:Sfn It can represent the assurance of security or clemency granted to enemies who seek protection, and can take the form of a document of safe-conduct for a non-Muslim Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl (enemy alien).Шаблон:Sfn[1]
Evolution
The concept has pre-Islamic origins, being traced to the practice of Шаблон:Transl among the Arab tribes, which extended a tribe's protection over an—often outlawed—member of a different tribe.Шаблон:Sfn Muhammad extended tribal solidarity and protection to cover the entirety of the Muslim community, so the promise of safety could be extended by Muslims to non-Muslims, and formed the basis of the covenants of security (Шаблон:Transl) issued to cities or peoples who submitted to the nascent Muslim caliphate, and which rendered these groups protected (Шаблон:Transl) under Islamic law.Шаблон:Sfn
In later times, the Шаблон:Transl became specifically restricted to the concept of safe-passage for a limited time (up to one lunar year) issued to enemies during their stay in Islamic territory, and had the right, within that period of time, to depart, unmolested by the Muslims, to a 'place of safety'.Шаблон:Sfn In the eyes of Islamic civil law, a passing Шаблон:Transl was considered the same as the Шаблон:Transls living under Islamic rule for the duration of his presence in Islamic lands, but differing traditions exist on whether this applied to criminal law as well.Шаблон:Sfn Foreign envoys enjoyed automatic Шаблон:Transl status, but not merchants or shipwrecked people.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, the issuance of Шаблон:Transl was a fundamental means of facilitating trade and diplomacy between Muslim and non-Muslim states during the early Middle Ages.Шаблон:Sfn From the late 12th century on, bilateral treaties between Muslim and Christian states that stipulated the rights and obligations of merchants and pilgrims began to replace the Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Transl offered to Muslims
Шаблон:Transl could also be issued to Muslims, such as defeated rebels. This was a widespread practice during the early Islamic period even though, as Joseph Schacht observes, "they are, strictly speaking, superfluous or even incompatible with religious law".Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- Diplomatic immunity
- Futuwwa, concept of moral behavior similar to Western chivalry in the medieval Arab and Muslim world
- Hudna, truce or armistice in Islam
- Istijarah, Islamic term for asylum
- List of Islamic terms in Arabic
- Sulh, Arabic word meaning "resolution" or "fixing" in general, frequently used in the context of social problems
- Tahdia, Arabic for "calming" or "quieting"; stands for calming down hostilities without completely stopping them
References
Sources
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal (Re. an aman taking the shape of a written document.)
