Английская Википедия:Amb (princely state)
Шаблон:More citations neededШаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox former subdivision Шаблон:Former administrative units of Pakistan Amb (Шаблон:Nq) or the State of Amb was a princely state in the present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. Together with Phulra, it was known as Feudal Tanawal ruled by Tanoli tribe. A Royal Tenure start from Timurid Empire and end on Last Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli.[1] Amb was only powerful state incorporated in Pakistan with armed civilized military of 12,000 men, 300 Howitzer with their own manufacturing arms factory, today part of the Pakistan Army.[1][2][3] Amb had a influence control roots in Swat , Dir and Chitral.[4][2][5] A gaining of powerful roots of Amb military start from Second Anglo-Sikh War when East India Company provide military equipment to Jehandad Khan Tanoli to fight against Sikh , and then next British Empire in Second anglo-Afghan War.[6] At the end of December 1947, the Nawab of Amb state acceded to Pakistan while retaining internal self-government.[7] Amb continued as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
The state was named after the town of Amb. After the death of the last Nawab, Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the fighting between the descendants of the state of Amb for power continued, which ended in 1971, when the Pakistani army ended or occupied the integration. In 1972, the recognition of their royal status was ended by the Government of Pakistan.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1974, the Tarbela Dam completely destroyed the capital of Amb and the palaces of the Amb state.Шаблон:Citation needed
List of Nawabs of Amb
| Image | Titular Name | Personal Name | Date of birth | Nawab From | Nawab
Until |
Date of death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muhammad Anwar Khan Tanoli
انور خان تنولی |
Anwar Khan Tanoli | 1688 | 1710 | 1730 | 1730 | |
| Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli
بہادر خان |
Muhammad Bahadur Khan Tanoli | 23 June 1712 | 1730-1740 | 8 August 1755 | 8 August 1755 | |
| Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Sultan Zaburdust Khan Tanoli | 1 May 1736 | 8 August 1755 | 2 November 1783 | ||
| Haibat Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Haibat Khan Tanoli | 6 April 1740 | 1783 | 12 December 1798 | ||
| Nawab Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Nawab Khan Tanoli | 12 April 1792 | 1800-1810 | 13 October 1818 | ||
| Painda Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Painda Khan | 6 May 1805 | 1818 | 1819-1822 completely
Rule ended and hence again conquered and started in 1823 |
12 September 1844 | |
| Jehandad Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Jehandad Khan Tanoli | 6 February 1820 | 1844 | 1868 | ||
| Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli | Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli | 1859 | 1868 | 1907 | ||
| Nawab Khan-e-Zaman Khan Tanoli
نواب خانِ زمان خان تنولی
خانخا |
Nawab Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli | 6 November 1880 | 1907 | 12 September 1936 | ||
| Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli | 1 January 1904 | 1936 | 17 September 1947 (Alliance with Pakistan but continued rule until 1969) |
28 July 1969
(Rule end due to fighting between the Descendants of Amb State and Pakistan Army occupied integration) | |
| Nawab Salahuddin Khan Tanoli Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed | 1958 | 1969 | Incumbent | ||
Wealth and Military Status
Amb was considered a powerful and important state during Durrani, Mughal and British Raj.Шаблон:Citation needed The total revenue of the state in 1901 was 36-42 lakhs when the price of 1 tola gold is 20 British Rupee.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1901, state's income was 6 lakhs and second part of its revenue was the collection of tax from other state's Nawabs and Maharajahs, who used the routes of Tanawal and Attock for visiting other countries. This tax was also collected by Traders and Merchants who used that routes.Шаблон:Citation needed In this way, Nawab of Amb fought many wars with British, Durrani and Sikh this is the main cause of war.Шаблон:Citation needed
History
Amb state, once known as Mulk-e-Tanawal (country/area of Tanawal), was the home of the Tanoli.[2][3] The region's early history dates back to the Mughal Empire, when around year 1647, the Tanoli tribe conquered and settled by the Indus River, surrounded by wide area, which came to be known as Tanawal. Before Tanawal, it was known as the Pakhli Sultanate (Karluks Turk), which ruled over Hazara, who came to Timur around 1380 to 1390. This was the only state of the Mughal Empire which did not pay tax to Delhi. The rule of the Karluks ended when the Swatis arrived. The last Karluks ruler was Sultan Mehmood Khurd, Шаблон:Citation needed accordingly the start of Tanoli's rule.[4][8] The ancestry can be traced back to the Barlas Turks, who are the descendants of Timur.[9] When the Durrani tribe arrived in India, the Tanoli chieftain Suba Khan Tanoli accepted Durrani rule in 1755 and helped the empire during the Third Battle of Panipat.[10]Шаблон:Citation needed
In 1854, the British frontier officer General James Abbott postulated that Aornos was located on the Mahaban range, south of modern Buner District.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1839, he proposed to recognise Embolina, as had Ranjit Singh's mercenary General Claude Auguste Court, as the village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus eight miles east of Mahaban.Шаблон:Citation needed This became the location from which it is thought that the Nawabs of Amb took their title in later years.[11]
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The army of Amb state get trained by Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck.
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Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli, Nawab of Amb. At Darband, Amb State, 1923
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This picture is from 1917, Darband. In this photo: Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli (seated second from left), Sir George Roos-Keppel (seated third from left), Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan (seated first from right). (Sitting ground centre) Nawabzada Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli (son and successor of Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan of Amb)
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Standing, left to right: Doctor Masdar Ali (Physician of the Nawab of Amb), some servants of the Nawab of Amb) Sitting: Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan Tanoli of Chanser and brother of Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan Tanoli
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Shergarh fort is the last standing fort of the Nawab of Amb.
Descent and ruling dynasty
The Tanoli describe themselves as Pashtuns[3] from the Ghazni area, or as Barlas Turks.[12] The Tanoli submitted to British colonial rule in the 1840s.[1][2][3]
Nawab Khan Tanoli
Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli was the ruler of The Tanawal valley and the Chief of the Hazara region from circa 1810 until he died in 1818. During his rule, he faced many attacks from the Sikh Empire and Durrani Empire, resulting in a significant loss of territory. He was 26 years old, when he was assassinated by Azim Khan on October 13, 1818 in the Stratagem of Peshawar.Шаблон:Citation needed
The main reason for the war is that Mir Nawab Khan defied Durrani and the other main reason was that, when Azim Khan's mother was traveling to Kashmir via Tanwal, Nawab Khan's soldier collected the taxes from her. Azim Khan then traveled through Tanwal and then Nawab Khan's soldiers collected taxes through Azim Khan as well. After Azim Khan took the complaint to the Afghan court, the Afghan Ruler of that time immediately sent his army.Шаблон:Citation needed
Nawab Khan Tanoli's sons, Painda Khan and Maddad Khan began the series of rebellion against the Sikhs and Durrani, which continued throughout his lifetime.Шаблон:Citation needed
Painda Khan Tanoli
From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli.Шаблон:Citation needed
From about 1813, Painda Khan Tanoli engaged in a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realizing the potential dangers of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. To consolidate his hold on Tanawal and to unite the Tanoli people, Tanoli first had to contend with his major rivals within the tribe itself, that is, the chiefs of the Suba Khani/Pallal Khel section, whom he subdued after a bitter struggle.
Tanoli set the tone for regional resistance in Upper Hazara against Sikh rule. In 1828, he created and gifted the smaller neighbouring state of Phulra to his younger brother Maddad Khan Tanoli.
Painda Khan briefly took over the valley of Agror in 1834. Agror was restored to Ata Muhammad Khan, the chief of that area, a descendant of Akhund Ahmed Sad-ud-din.[13]Шаблон:Citation needed
Jehandad Khan Tanoli
He was the son of Mir Painda Khan Tanoli. In 1852, Jehandad Khan Tanoli was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration about a murder enquiry of two British officers, supposedly on his lands.Шаблон:Citation needed In fact, this was related to the murder of two British salt tax collectors by some tribesmen in the neighbouring Kala Dhaka or Black Mountain area, which eventually led to the punitive First Black Mountain campaign/expedition of 1852.Шаблон:Citation needed The Board of Administration President was Sir John Lawrence (later the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab), and he visited Haripur, in Hazara, where he invited many Hazara chiefs to see him on various matters, at a general Durbar.Шаблон:Citation needed[14] Jehandad Khan Tanoli succeeded in establishing his innocence and consolidated his position.Шаблон:Citation needed
Jahandad Khan Tanoli's relationship with British India is summed in the following lines in a letter dated 8 January 1859 from R. Temple, Secretary to the Punjab Chief Commissioner, addressed to the Punjab Financial Commissioner: "'5.Шаблон:Citation needed The term "Jagir" has never appeared to me applicable in any sense to this [Jehandad Khan's] hereditary domain [Upper Tannowul], for it was never granted as such by the Sikhs or by our Government; we upheld the Khan as we found him in his position as a feudal lord and large proprietor.'
Jehandad's son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan Tanoli, was given the title of Nawab (Sovereign Ruler) in perpetuity by the British.Шаблон:Citation needed
Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli
The next chief of the Tanoli, a son of Jahandad Khan Tanoli, was Akram Khan Tanoli KCSI 68–1907). He was a popular chief. During his tenure, the fort at Shergarh was built along with forts in Dogah and Shahkot. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal. He opposed construction of schools in the state, on advice given by British.Шаблон:Citation needed
Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli
Khan Zaman Khan Tanoli succeeded his father, taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the later Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tor Ghar) expeditions.Шаблон:Citation needed
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli
Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from Jinnah.[7][15] In 1947, he acceded his state to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the state was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in 1972, the Government of Pakistan ceased to recognise the royal status of the Nawab.Шаблон:Citation needed
Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli
Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli, son of Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli, the last nawab of Amb, studied at the Burn Hall School in Abbottabad (now the Army Burn Hall College) and the Gordon College in Rawalpindi.[16] Nawab Saeed Khan Tanoli ruled for a period of three years.
Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli
Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli is the present chief of Tanolis and the titular Nawab of Amb.Шаблон:Citation needed He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan Tanoli. He holds the record as the youngest parliamentarian ever elected to the Pakistan National Assembly, and then went on to be elected five times to the Pakistan National Assembly (from 1985 to 1997), a feat achieved by only seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister, Nawaz Sharif.[17]
| Tenure | Chiefs of Tanawal and later Rulers of Amb (Tanawal)Шаблон:Citation needed |
|---|---|
| 1772–1803 | (Mir) Haibat Khan Tanoli |
| 1803–1809 | (Mir) Hashim Ali Khan Tanoli (son of Mir Haibat Khan Tanoli and brother to Mir Nawab Khan Tanoli, following) |
| 1809–1818 | (Mir) Nawab Khan Tanoli |
| 1818–1844 | (Mir) Painda Khan Tanoli , Maddad Khan Tanoli |
| 1844–1868 | Nawab Jahandad Khan TanoliШаблон:SndAmb State founded in 1858 by British government recognition |
| 1868–1907 | Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan Tanoli |
| 1907–1936 | Nawab Khanizaman Khan Tanoli |
| 1936–1969 | Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan TanoliШаблон:SndAmb State ended and merged with NWFP Pakistan in 1971–72 |
| 1969–Incumbent | Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed |
Amb State Postal Service and Passport
Existing alongside British India were hundreds of princely states, some 565Шаблон:Citation needed in all, but most of them did not issue postage stamps. Only around forty of the states issued their own postage stamps, and Amb State was one of them, having its own postal service. The rest used the stamps of the All India Postal Service.Шаблон:Citation needed
Present geography
The state consists of the following present day Union Councils of Mansehra, Torghar, and Haripur Districts:
The Mansehra and Torghar districts include Bandi Shungli, Shergarh, Karorri, Nika Pani, Darband, Dara Shanaya, Swan Miara, Lassan Nawab, Perhinna, Phulrra, Jhokan, and Palsala. The Haripur district includes Baitgali, Nara AmaNara Amazz, Kalinjar, and Beer.Шаблон:Dubious
Also read
- Politics of Pakistan
- British raj
- History of Pakistan
- List of Indian princely states
- Shergarh, Tanawal
References
External links
Шаблон:Princely states of Pakistan Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Syed Murad Ali,"Tarikh-e-Tanawaliyan"(Urdu), Pub. Lahore, 1975, pp.84
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Ghulam Nabi Khan"Alafghan Tanoli"(Urdu), Pub. Rawalpindi, 2001, pp.244
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Swati invasion vre
- ↑ History of Swat by Wali of Swat
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series, Volume III: On the Threshold of Pakistan, 1–25 July 1947 By Mahomed Ali Jinnah, Z. H. Zaidi Contributor Z. H. Zaidi (Oxford University Press, 1997, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN, 1120 pages, digitized 29 August 2008)
- ↑ Pakhli. Imperial Gazette of India rule
- ↑ Y-chromosome Genetic family Sub.division Tanoli own history and DNA analysis (Indo-European family) classify
- ↑ Dr SB Panni 'Tareekh i Hazara' (Urdu:History of Hazara) pub Peshawar, 1969, pp. 340-341
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Hazara Gazetteer
- ↑ See The Hazara District Gazetteer 1883-8 (Lahore, 1884); and H. Lee, Brothers in the Raj: The Lives of John and Henry Lawrence (Karachi: Oxford UP, 2002)
- ↑ Sana Haroon, Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland (Columbia University Press, 2008, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN, 254 pages)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Pakistan Election Commission – Unique Stats: http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html Шаблон:Webarchive
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