Английская Википедия:Amber Room

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Файл:Catherine Palace interior - Amber Room (1).jpg
Hand-coloured photograph of the original Amber Room, 1931
Файл:Andrey Zeest - Amber Room 2 (autochrome).jpg
Autochrome of the Amber Room in the Catherine Palace, 1917
Файл:Reconstructed Amber Room 02.JPG
Reconstructed Amber Room, 2003

The Amber Room (Шаблон:Lang-rus, Шаблон:Lang-de) was a chamber decorated in amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors, located in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg.

Constructed in the 18th century in Prussia, the room was dismantled and eventually disappeared during World War II. Before its loss, it was considered an "Eighth Wonder of the World". A reconstruction was made, starting in 1979 and completed and installed in the Catherine Palace in 2003.

The Amber Room was intended in 1701 for the Charlottenburg Palace, in Berlin, Prussia, but was eventually installed at the Berlin City Palace. It was designed by German baroque sculptor Andreas Schlüter and Danish amber craftsman Gottfried Wolfram. Schlüter and Wolfram worked on the room until 1707, when work was continued by amber masters Gottfried Turau and Ernst Schacht from Danzig (Gdańsk).

It remained in Berlin until 1716, when it was given by the Prussian King Frederick William I to his ally Tsar Peter the Great of the Russian Empire. In Russia, the room was installed in the Catherine Palace. After expansion and several renovations, it covered more than Шаблон:Convert and contained over Шаблон:Convert of amber.

The Amber Room was looted during World War II by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany, and taken to Königsberg for reconstruction and display. Some time in early 1944, with Allied forces closing in on Germany, the room was disassembled and crated for storage in the Castle basement.[1] Königsberg was destroyed by allied bombers in August 1944 and documentation of the room location ends there. Its eventual fate and current whereabouts, if it survives, remain a mystery. In 1979, the decision was taken to create a reconstructed Amber Room at the Catherine Palace in Pushkin. After decades of work by Russian craftsmen and donations from Germany, it was completed and inaugurated in 2003.

Architecture

The Amber Room is a priceless piece of art, with extraordinary architectural features such as gilding, carvings, 450 kg (990 lb) of amber panels, gold leaf, gemstones, and mirrors, all highlighted with candle light.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Additional architectural and design features include statues of angels and children.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Because of its unique features and singular beauty, the original Amber Room was sometimes dubbed the "Eighth Wonder of the World".Шаблон:Sfn Modern estimates of the room's value range from $142 million (2007)[2] to over $500 million (2016).[3]

History

Creation

Файл:Bernsteinzimmer01.jpg
Corner section of the reconstructed Amber Room

The Amber Room was begun in 1701 with the purpose of being installed at Charlottenburg Palace, the residence of Frederick, the first King in Prussia, at the urging of his second wife, Sophia Charlotte.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The concept and design of the room was drafted by Andreas Schlüter.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was fabricated by Gottfried Wolfram, master craftsman to the Danish court of King Frederick IV of Denmark, with help from the amber masters Ernst Schacht and Gottfried Turau from Danzig, now Gdańsk in Poland.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Although originally intended for installation at Charlottenburg Palace, the complete panels were eventually installed at Berlin City Palace.Шаблон:Sfn The Amber Room did not, however, remain at Berlin City Palace for long. Peter the Great of Russia admired it during a visit, and in 1716, King Frederick I's son Frederick William I presented the room to Peter as a gift, which forged a Russo-Prussian alliance against Sweden.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The original Berlin design of the Amber Room was reworked in Russia in a joint effort by German and Russian craftsmen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was Peter's daughter Empress Elizabeth who decided the amber treasure should be installed at Catherine Palace, where the Russian Imperial family typically spent their summers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After several other 18th-century renovations, the room covered more than Шаблон:Convert and contained over Шаблон:Convert of amber.Шаблон:Sfn The room took over ten years to construct.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Theft during World War II

Файл:Bernsteinzimmer05.jpg
An angel statue featured on the wall of the Amber Room

Shortly after the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, the curators responsible for removing the art treasures in Leningrad tried to disassemble and remove the Amber Room.Шаблон:Sfn However, over the years the amber had dried out and become brittle, making it impossible to move the room without the amber crumbling.Шаблон:Sfn The Amber Room was therefore hidden behind mundane wallpaper, in an attempt to keep German forces from seizing it, but the attempt to hide such a well-known piece of art failed.Шаблон:Sfn

German soldiers of Army Group North disassembled the Amber Room within 36 hours under the supervision of two experts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 14 October 1941, the priceless room reached Königsberg in East Prussia, for storage and display in the town's castle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 13 November 1941, a Königsberg newspaper announced an exhibition of the Amber Room at Königsberg Castle.Шаблон:Sfn

Last days in Königsberg

Orders given by Hitler on 21 and 24 January 1945 ordered the movement of looted possessions from Königsberg.Шаблон:Sfn This allowed Albert Speer, Reichsminister of Armaments, and his administration team to transport cultural goods of priority.Шаблон:Sfn However, before the Amber Room could be moved, Erich Koch, who was in charge of civil administration in Königsberg during the final months of the war, abandoned his post and fled from the city, leaving General Otto Lasch in command.Шаблон:Sfn

In August 1944, Königsberg was heavily fire-bombed by the Royal Air Force. It suffered further extensive damage from the artillery of the advancing Red Army before the final occupation on 9 April 1945.Шаблон:Sfn

Disappearance and mysteries

After the war, the Amber Room was never seen in public again, though reports have occasionally surfaced stating that pieces of the Amber Room survived the war.Шаблон:Sfn Several eyewitnesses claimed to have spotted the famous room being loaded on board the Wilhelm Gustloff, which left Gdynia on 30 January 1945, and was then promptly torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Original Amber Room's remains - panno Feel and Touch (1751, Hermitage) 01 by shakko.JPG
Feel and Touch mosaic (part of the cycle of mosaics donated to Elizabeth Petrovna by Empress Maria Theresa)

In 1997, an Italian stone mosaic "Feel and Touch" that was part of a set of four stones which had decorated the Amber Room was found in Germany, in the possession of the family of a soldier who claimed to have helped pack up the amber chamber.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The mosaic came into the hands of the Russian authorities and was used in the reconstruction.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Файл:Königsberg (Luftaufnahme).JPG
Königsberg Castle, 1925

In 1998, two separate teams, one German and one Lithuanian, announced they had located the Amber Room.Шаблон:Sfn The German team pointed to a silver mine while the Lithuanian team believed the amber treasure was buried in a lagoon; neither of the two locations turned out to hold the Amber Room.Шаблон:Sfn

In 2004, a lengthy investigation by British investigative journalists Catherine Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy concluded that the Amber Room was most likely destroyed when Königsberg Castle was damaged,Шаблон:Sfn first during the bombing of Königsberg by the Royal Air Force in 1944 and then by the Soviets' burning of the castle followed by shelling of the remaining walls.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Official assessments, set out in documents from the Russian National Archives written by Alexander Brusov, head of the Soviet team charged with locating the Amber Room following the war, agreed with this theory. The official report stated: "Summarizing all the facts, we can say that the Amber Room was destroyed between 9 and 11 April 1945."Шаблон:Sfn

These dates correspond with the end of the Battle of Königsberg, which on 9 April ended with the surrender of the German garrison. A few years later, Brusov publicly voiced a contrary opinion;Шаблон:Sfn this is believed to have been done due to pressure from Soviet authorities, who did not want to be seen as responsible for the loss of the Amber Room.Шаблон:Sfn

Among other information retrieved from the archives was the revelation that the remaining Italian stone mosaics were found in the burned debris of the castle.Шаблон:Sfn Scott-Clark and Levy concluded in their report that the reason the Soviets conducted extensive searches for the Amber Room, even though their own experts had concluded that it was destroyed, was because they wanted to know if any of their own soldiers had been responsible for the destruction.Шаблон:Sfn Scott-Clark and Levy also assessed that others in the Soviet government found the theft of the Amber Room a useful Cold War propaganda tool.Шаблон:Sfn Russian government officials have since denied these conclusions. Adelaida Yolkina, senior researcher at the Pavlovsk Palace, reportedly stated: "It is impossible to see the Red Army being so careless that they let the Amber Room be destroyed".Шаблон:Sfn

After the report was made public, Leonid Arinshtein, who was a lieutenant in the Red Army in charge of a rifle platoon during the Battle of Königsberg, said: "I probably was one of the last people who saw the Amber Room".Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, he explained that the whole city was burning due to artillery bombardments, but also denied allegations that the Red Army burned the city on purpose, saying: "What soldiers would burn the city where they will have to stay?"Шаблон:Sfn

A variation of this theory by some present-day residents of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg), is that at least parts of the room were found in the Königsberg Castle cellars after World War II by the Red Army. The Amber Room was allegedly still in good condition; this was not admitted at the time so the blame could fall upon the Nazis.Шаблон:Sfn To preserve this story, access to the ruins of the castle, which was allowed after World War II, was suddenly restricted to all, including historical and archaeological surveys, but the room is said to be in a storehouse near Königsberg Castle.Шаблон:Sfn

Then in 1968, despite academic protests worldwide, Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev ordered the destruction of Königsberg Castle, thus making any onsite research of the last known resting place of the Amber Room all but impossible.Шаблон:Sfn Later the search for the Amber Room continued in different locations, including near Wuppertal, Germany.[4]

Файл:Bernsteinzimmer06.jpg
Immense sums were spent on both the original and reconstructed Amber Room.

Another hypothesis involves a bunker in Mamerki in northeastern Poland, or that Stalin ordered the Amber Room replaced with a replica prior to its looting, hiding the original. The main problem with finding the Amber Room is that the Nazi regime hid many items in many difficult-to-reach places, usually without documentation, leaving a wide search area. The Germans also moved items to destinations far from Europe in some cases. The search for the Amber Room has also been halted by authorities. In the case of Frýdlant castle it was halted because of the historic value of the castle.[5][6]

In October 2020 Polish divers from the Baltictech group found the wreck of the SS Karlsruhe, a ship which took part in Operation Hannibal, a sea evacuation which allowed more than a million German troops and civilians from East Prussia to escape advancing Soviet forces. The ship was attacked off the coast of Poland by Soviet aircraft after it sailed from Königsberg in 1945. The wreck holds many crates with unknown contents.[7] An online news website, Live Science, reports that this German steamship may hold crates that contain parts of the Amber Room.[8]

Reconstruction

Файл:Vladimir Putin in Saint Petersburg-42.jpg
President of Russia Vladimir Putin with Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Simitis and German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder (right) in the Amber Room (2003)

In 1979, the Soviet government decided to construct a replica of the Amber Room at Tsarskoye Selo, a process that was to take 24 years and require 40 Russian and German experts in amber craftsmanship.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Using original drawings and old black-and-white photographs, every attempt was made to duplicate the original Amber Room. This included the 350 shades of amber in the original panels and fixtures that adorned the room.Шаблон:Sfn A major problem was the lack of skilled workers, since amber carving was a nearly lost art form.Шаблон:Sfn

The financial difficulties that plagued the reconstruction project from the start were solved with the donation of US$3.5 million from the German company E.ON.Шаблон:Sfn By 2003, the work of the Russian craftsmen was mostly completed.Шаблон:Sfn The new room was dedicated by Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder at the 300th anniversary of the city of Saint Petersburg.Шаблон:Sfn In Kleinmachnow, near Berlin, there is a miniature Amber Room, fabricated after the original.Шаблон:Sfn The Berlin miniature collector Ulla Klingbeil had this copy made of original East Prussian amber.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Printed

Online

External links

Шаблон:Commonscatinline

Шаблон:Showplaces in Ekaterininsky park of Tsarskoye Selo Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Coord

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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