Английская Википедия:Ambika (Jainism)

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Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox deity Шаблон:Jainism In Jainism, Ambika (Шаблон:Lang-sa, Шаблон:Lang-or Шаблон:IAST "Mother") or Ambika Devi (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IAST "the Goddess-Mother") is the [[Yakshini|Шаблон:IAST]] "dedicated attendant deity" or Шаблон:IAST "protector goddess" of the 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha. She is also known as Ambai, Amba, Kushmandini and Amra Kushmandini.[1] She is often shown with one or more children and often under a tree. She is frequently represented as a pair (Yaksha Sarvanubhuti on the right and Kushmandini on the left) with a small Tirthankar image on the top.[2] The name ambika literally means mother, hence she is Mother Goddess. The name is also a common epithet of Hindu Goddess Parvati.Шаблон:Sfn

Etymology

The name Ambika is a Sanskrit words, that translates to mother.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Legend

Файл:A Jain Family Group LACMA M.77.49.jpg
Ambika with Sarvana, LACMA, 6th century

According to Jain text, Ambika is said to have been an ordinary woman named Agnila who became a Goddess.Шаблон:Sfn She lived in the city of Girinagar with her husband, Soma and her two children, Siddha and Buddha as per Śhvētāmbara tradition Or With Husband Somasarman and her two children, Shubhanakar and Prabhankara as per Digambara tradition.Шаблон:Sfn

One day, Somasarman invited Brahmins to perform Śrāddha (funeral ceremony) and left Agnila at home. Varadatta, the chief disciple of Neminatha,Шаблон:Sfn was passing by and asked for food from Agnila to end his month-long fast.Шаблон:Sfn Somasarman and Brahmins were furious at her as they considered the food to be impure now. Somasarman drove her out of the house along with her children; she went up to a hill.Шаблон:Sfn

She was blessed with power for her virtue, the tree she sat down under became a Kalpavriksha, wish-granting tree, and dry water tank has overflown with water. Gods were angry at the treatment with Angila and decided to drown everything in her village but her house. After seeing this Somasarman and Brahmins felt this was because of saintliness and went to beg for her forgiveness. Upon looking at her husband afraid of punishment Angila committed suicide by jumping off the cliff but was instantly reborn as Goddess Ambika.Шаблон:Sfn Her husband was reborn as a lion and he came to her, licked her feet and became her vehicle.Шаблон:Sfn Neminatha initiated her two sons and Ambika became Neminath's yakshi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Legacy

Ambika is the yakshi of Neminatha with Sarvanha (according to Digambara tradition) or Gomedha (according to Śvētāmbara tradition) as yaksha .Шаблон:Sfn

Worship

Файл:Garlanded Devi.jpg
Ambika as Gullikayi ji in front of Gommateshwara statue

Worship of Ambika is very old, a number of images and temples of ambika are found in India.Шаблон:Sfn Goddess Ambika along with Padmavati, Chakreshvari are held as esteemed deities and worshipped in Jains along with tirthankaras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ambika and Padmavati are associated with tantric rituals. These tantric rites involves yantra-vidhi, pitha-sthapana and mantra-puja.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ambika is also called Kalpalata and kamana devi a goddess that fulfils. In Vimal Vasai Ambika is carved kalpalata, a wish fulfilling creeper.Шаблон:Sfn Ambika is also associated with childbirth and prosperity.Шаблон:Sfn Ambika and Sarvahana is the most favoured yaksha-yakshi pair in western parts of India.Шаблон:Sfn Ambika is also worshiped as Kuladevi or gotra-devi.Шаблон:Sfn Ambika is the kula-devi of the Porwad(Pragvat) Jain community. While she is worshipped by all murtipujak Jains, she is specially revered by the Porwads.[3]

According to legend, after completing construction of Gommateshwara statue, Chavundaraya organised a mahamastakabhisheka with five liquids, milk, tender coconut, sugar, nectar and water collected in hundreds of pots but liquid could not flow below the navel of the statue. Kushmandini appeared disguised as a poor old woman holding milk in the shell of half of a white Gullikayi fruit and the abhisheka was done from head to toe. Chavundaraya realised his mistake and did abhishek without pride and arrogance and this time abhisheka was done from head to toe.Шаблон:Sfn Worship of Kushmandini devi or Ambika is an integral part of Jain rituals in Shravanabelagola.Шаблон:Sfn

In literature

  • Ambika-Kalpa, Ambika-Tadamka, Ambikatatanka, Ambika-stuti, Ambika-devi-stuti and Bhairava-Padmavati-Kalpa are tantric text to worship Ambika.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Ambika-stavana, is hymn to Ambika, compiled by Vastupala, minister of Chalukyas, in 13th century.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Ambika-devi-kalpa of Acharya Jinprabha suri, 14th century.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Aparajita-prccha is hymn to Ambika, compiled by Bhuvanadeva, 12th-13th century.Шаблон:Sfn

Iconography

Файл:Ambika, Madhya Pradesh, India, 8th-9th century - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09661.JPG
Goddess Ambika sitting on lion and mango tree branch in right arm and her son in left, Royal Ontario Museum, 8th-9th century

According to the tradition, her colour is golden and her vehicle is a lion. She has four arms. In her two right hands, she carries a mango and in the other a branch of a mango tree. In one of her left hands, she carries a rein and in the other she has her two sons, Priyankara and Shubhankara.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[4] In South India Ambika is shown to have dark blue complexion.Шаблон:Sfn Ambika is depicted as sashandevi for other tirthankars as well. Ambika is often represent with Bahubali.Шаблон:Sfn Yaksha-Yakshi pair sculptures of Ambika and Sarvahanabhuti are one of the most favoured along with Gomukha-Chakreshwari and Dharanendra-Padmavati.Шаблон:Sfn

Ambika has been popular an independent deity as well.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is speculated that the origin of Ambika is attributed to elements of three different deities - first, goddess riding on the lion from Durga; Second, some goddess associated with mangoes and mango trees; Third, Kushmanda.Шаблон:Sfn

The Amba-Ambika group of caves of Manmodi Caves, dated 2nd century CE, has carving of Goddess Ambika.Шаблон:Sfn The oldest sculpture of Ambika is an idol from Akota Bronzes dated 550—600 CE.Шаблон:Sfn A sculpture of Ambika was discovered at Karajagi village in Haveri taluk. The sculpture has a two-line Sanskrit inscription in Nagari script about the date of its installation - "Ambikadevi, Shaka 1173, Virodhikrit. Samvatsara, Vaishakha Shuddha 5, Guruvara". This corresponds to Thursday, 27 April 1251 AD.[5]

Main temples

Файл:Amba-Ambika cell (cropped).jpg
Goddess Ambika at Manmodi Caves

The Amba-Ambika group of caves of Manmodi Caves, dated 2nd century CE, is dedicated to Goddess Ambika.Шаблон:Sfn The Ambika Temple, Girnar dates back 784 CE and is considered one of the oldest temple dedicated to Goddess Ambika. The worship of Goddess Ambika, the tutelary deity of Shri Munisuvrata-Nemi-Parshva Jinalaya, Santhu is popular among devotees.Шаблон:Sfn

The major temples of Shri Ambika Devi include:

See also

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References

Citation

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Sources

Books

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Web

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External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Stele with 'yaksha-yakshini' couple and Jinas, Pratapaditya Pal, ‘Goddess: divine energy’, pg.30., Art Gallery of New South Wales, 2006
  3. ↑ The Muslim Review - Volumes 1-2, p. 29
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
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