Английская Википедия:Amenemhat III
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Short description
- See Amenemhat, for other individuals with this name.
Amenemhat III (Ancient Egyptian: Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amun is at the forefront'), also known as Amenemhet III, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He was elevated to throne as co-regent by his father Senusret III, with whom he shared the throne as the active king for twenty years. During his reign, Egypt attained its cultural and economic zenith of the Middle Kingdom.
The aggressive military and domestic policies of Senusret III, which re-subjugated Nubia and wrested power from the nomarchs, allowed Amenemhat III to inherit a stable and peaceful Egypt. He directed his efforts towards an extensive building program with particular focus on Faiyum. Here he dedicated a temple to Sobek, a chapel to Renenutet, erected two colossal statues of himself in Biahmu, and contributed to excavation of Lake Moeris. He built for himself two pyramids at Dahshur and Hawara, becoming the first pharaoh since Sneferu in the Fourth Dynasty to build more than one. Near to his Hawara pyramid is a pyramid for his daughter Neferuptah. To acquire resources for the building program, Amenemhat III exploited the quarries of Egypt and the Sinai for turquoise and copper. Other exploited sites includes the schist quarries at Wadi Hammamat, amethyst from Wadi el-Hudi, fine limestone from Tura, alabaster from Hatnub, red granite from Aswan, and diorite from Nubia. A large corpus of inscriptions attest to the activities at these sites, particularly at Serabit el-Khadim. There is scant evidence of military expeditions during his reign, though a small one is attested at Kumma in his ninth regnal year. He also sent a handful of expeditions to Punt.
Amenemhat III reigned for at least 45 years, though a papyrus fragment from El-Lahun mentioning a 46th year probably dates to his reign as well. Toward the end of his reign he instituted a co-regency with Amenemhat IV, as recorded in a rock inscription from Semna in Nubia, which equates regnal year 1 of Amenemhat IV to regnal year 44 or 46–48 of Amenemhat III. Sobekneferu later succeeded Amenemhat IV as the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty.
Sources
Contemporaneous sources
There are a variety of contemporary sources attesting to the reign of Amenemhat III. Chief among these are the collection of inscriptions left at mining sites throughout Egypt, Nubia, and the Sinai peninsula.Шаблон:Sfn His activities in the Sinai are particularly well attested to, spanning regnal years 2 to 45.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is notable though, that the overwhelming majority of these inscriptions originate outside Egypt.Шаблон:Sfn He is also well attested to through his statuary with approximately 80 works attributed to him,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn his building program, particularly concentrated around Faiyum, and the two pyramids that he had built.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus – one of a limited set of evidence attesting to Egyptian knowledge of mathematicsШаблон:Sfn – is also thought to have been originally composed during Amenemhat III's time.Шаблон:Sfn
Historical sources
The Karnak king list from the Festival Hall of Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BC)Шаблон:Sfn has a lacuna of two entries between Amenemhat II and Amenemhat IV, though three kings are known to have reigned during this period – Senusret II, Senusret III, and Amenemhat III.Шаблон:Sfn In the Abydos king list from the temple of Seti I (c. 1290–1279 BC)Шаблон:Sfn in Abydos, Amenemhat III is attested by his praenomen Ni-maat-re in the sixty-fourth entry.Шаблон:Sfn His praenomen also occupies the sixty-fourth entry in the king list at the temple of Ramesses II (c. 1279–1213 BC)Шаблон:Sfn in Abydos.Шаблон:Sfn In the Saqqara Tablet from the tomb of the chief lector priest and chief of works Tjuneroy, Amenemhat III's praenomen occupies the twentieth entry.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Turin Canon has a lacuna in the mid-Twelfth Dynasty preserving no names and only partial reign lengths. The twenty-fifth entry of the fifth column corresponding to Amenemhat III preserves only a regnal length of 40+x years.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The entries of his presumed children and immediate successors – Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu – are near-wholly intact preserving their praenomen and reign lengths.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Amenemhat III is also mentioned in Manetho's Aegyptiaca, originally composed circa the 3rd century BC, tentatively dated to the reign of Ptolemy II.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The original work is no longer extant, but has persisted through the writings of Josephus, Africanus, Eusebius, and Syncellus.Шаблон:Sfn He is accorded a reign of 8 years under the name Λαχάρης (romanized Lacharês / Lamarês) by both Africanus and Eusebius.Шаблон:Sfn Syncellus accords him a reign of 43 years under the name Μάρης (romanized Marês) as the thirty-fifth king of Thebes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
Family
Шаблон:See also Amenemhat III was the son of Senusret III, his predecessor on the throne.Шаблон:Sfn There is no explicit testimony to this filial relationship, however, the inference can be made from their co-regency.Шаблон:Sfn The identity of his mother is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn He had several sisters – Menet, Mereret, Senetsenbetes, Sithathor, and a partially known Khnemet-.Шаблон:Sfn
Two of Amenemhat III's wives are known, Aat and Khenemetneferhedjet III, who were both buried in his Pyramid at Dahshur.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Hetepti – the mother of Amenemhat IV – might be another wife.Шаблон:Sfn He had one confirmed daughter, Neferuptah, who appears to have been groomed as his successor, owing to her name being enclosed in cartouche.Шаблон:Sfn The Egyptologists Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton indicate that Neferuptah was originally buried at Amenemhat III's second pyramid at Hawara but was eventually moved to her own pyramid after an early death.Шаблон:Sfn The Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki contradicts this stating that she was never buried in Hawara, but had possibly outlived her father and was buried elsewhere as a result.Шаблон:Sfn Two other children, both of whom reigned as king, are also attributed to Amenemhat III: a son, Amenemhat IV and a daughter, Sobekneferu.Шаблон:Sfn It has also been suggested that Amenemhat IV may instead have been a grandson.Шаблон:Sfn Evidence of burials of three other princesses – Hathorhotep, Nubhotep, and Sithathor – were found at the Dahshur complex, but it is not clear whether these princesses were Amenemhat III's daughters as the complex was used for royal burials throughout the Thirteenth Dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn
Reign
Chronology
The relative chronology of rulers in the Twelfth Dynasty is considered settled.Шаблон:Sfn The Ramesside king lists and the Turin Canon are a significant source in determining the relative chronology of the rulers.Шаблон:Sfn The Turin Canon has a lacuna of four lines between Amenemhat I and Amenemhat IV, recording only partial regnal lengths for the four kings – 10+x, 19, 30+x, and 40+x years respectively.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The king lists of Seti I and Ramesses II at Abydos and the Saqqara tablet each list Amenemhat III with Senusret III – whose praenomen is Kha-kau-reШаблон:Sfn – as his predecessor and Amenemhat IV – whose praenomen is Maa-kheru-reШаблон:Sfn – as his successor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Instead Egyptological debate has centred on the existence of co-regencies.Шаблон:Sfn
Co-regency
In his twentieth regnal year, Senusret III elevated his son Amenemhat III to the status of co-regent.Шаблон:Sfn The co-regency seems to be established from several indicators,Шаблон:Efn though not all scholars agree and someШаблон:Efn instead argue for sole reigns for both kings.Шаблон:Sfn For the following twenty years, Senusret III and Amenemhat III shared the throne, with Amenemhat III taking the active role as king.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is assumed that Amenemhat III took the primary role as the regnal dates roll over from year 19 of Senusret III to year 1 of Amenemhat III.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His reign is attested for at least 45 years, though a papyrus fragment from El-Lahun mentioning 'regnal year 46, month 1 of akhet, day 22' probably dates to his rule as well,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfnm since the village was founded by Amenemhat III's grandfather, Senusret II, and no other Twelfth Dynasty ruler after Senusret II reigned for more than 40 years. The highest date might be found on a bowl from Elephantine bearing regnal year 46, month 3 of peret. This attribution is favoured by the Egyptologist Cornelius von Pilgrim, but rejected by the Egyptologist Wolfram Grajetzki who places it in the early Middle Kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn In his 30th regnal year, Amenemhat III celebrated his Sed festival which is mentioned in several inscriptions.Шаблон:Sfn His reign ends with a brief co-regency with his successor Amenemhat IV.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is evidenced from a rock inscription at Semna which equates regnal year 1 of Amenemhat IV with regnal year 44 or perhaps 46–48 of Amenemhat III.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
These two kings – Senusret III and Amenemhat III – presided over the golden age of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III had pursued aggressive military action to curb incursions from tribes people from Nubia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These campaigns were conducted across several years and were brutal against the native populations, including slaughter of men, enslavement of women and children, and the burning of fields.Шаблон:Sfn He also sent a military expedition into Syria-Palestine, enemies of Egypt since the reign of Senusret I.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His internal policies targeted the increasing power of provincial governors, transferring power back to the reigning monarch.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is disputed whether he dismantled the nomarchical system.Шаблон:Sfn Senusret III also formed the basis for the legendary character Sesostris described by Manetho and Herodotus.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As a consequence of Senusret III's administrative and military policies, Amenemhat III inherited a peaceful and stable Egypt,Шаблон:Sfn which reached its cultural and economic zenith under his direction.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Military campaigns
There is very little evidence for military expeditions during Amenemhat III's reign. One rock inscription records a small mission in regnal year nine. It was found in Nubia, near the fortress of Kumma. The short text reports that a military mission was guided by the mouth of Nekhen Zamonth who states that he went north with a small troop and that there were no deaths on the return south.Шаблон:Sfn There is a stela dated to regnal 33 that was discovered at Kerma, south of the Third Cataract, discussing the construction of a wall, though this stela must have originated elsewhere as Kerma was beyond Egypt's control at this time.Шаблон:Sfn
Mining expeditions
Шаблон:Location map+ Exploitation of the quarries of Egypt and the Sinai for turquoise and copper peaked during his reign.Шаблон:Sfn A collection of more than 50 texts were inscribed at Serabit el-Khadim, Wadi Maghara, and Wadi Nasb.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The efforts here were so extensive that near-permanent settlements formed around them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The quarries at Wadi Hammamat (schist), Wadi el-Hudi (amethyst), Tura (limestone), Hatnub (alabaster), Aswan (red granite) and throughout Nubia (diorite) were all also exploited.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These all translated into an extensive building program, particularly in the development of Faiyum.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Sinai peninsula
Amenemhat III's activities in the Sinai peninsula are well-attested.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There were expeditions to Wadi Maghara in regnal years 2, 30, and 41–43, with one further expedition in an indiscernible 20 + x year.Шаблон:Sfn The temple of Hathor was decorated during the expedition in year 2, which is also the only expedition for which the mining of copper is attested.Шаблон:Sfn A related inscription found in Ayn Soukhna suggests that the mission originated from Memphis and perhaps crossed the Red Sea to the peninsula by boat.Шаблон:Sfn A single expedition in Wadi Nasb is attested to his 20th regnal year.Шаблон:Sfn Between 18 and 20 expeditions to Serabit el-Khadim have been attested to Amenemhat III's reign:Шаблон:Sfn in years 2, 4–8, 13, 15, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 38, 40, 44, possibly also 18, 29, and 45, alongside a 10 + x and x + 17 years, and there are many inscriptions whose date is indeterminable.Шаблон:Sfn
Egypt
One inscription dating to year 43 of Amenemhat III's reign comes from Tura and refers to the quarrying of limestone there for a mortuary temple, either that at Dahshur or Hawara.Шаблон:Sfn A stela retrieved from the massif of Gebel Zeit, Шаблон:Convert south of Ras Ghareb, on the Red Sea coast shows activity at the Galena mines there. The stela bears a partial date suggesting that it was inscribed after regnal year 10.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Several expeditions to Wadi Hammamat where schist was quarried were recorded.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These date to regnal years 2, 3, 19, 20 and 33.Шаблон:Sfn Three inscriptions from year 19 note the workforce of labourers and soldiers employed and the outcome of the efforts resulting in ten Шаблон:Convert tall seated statues of the king being made. The statues were destined for the Labyrinth at Hawara.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A few expeditions were sent to Wadi el-Hudi, south-east of Aswan, at the southern border of Egypt, where amethyst was collected. These enterprises date to regnal years 1, 11, 20, and 28.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn An expedition was also sent to Wadi Abu Agag, near Aswan, in regnal year 13.Шаблон:Sfn
Nubia
North-west of Abu Simbel and west of Lake Nasser lie the quarries of Gebel el-Asr in Lower Nubia. The site is best known as the source of diorite for six of Khafre's seated statues. The locale was also a source of gneiss and chalcedony in the Middle Kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn The Chalcedony deposits are also known as 'stela ridge' as it was a place where commemorative stelae and votive offerings were left.Шаблон:Sfn Nine of these commemorative objects date to the reign of Amenemhat III, specifically regnal years 2 and 4.Шаблон:Sfn
Trade expeditions
A stela was discovered at Mersa on the Red Sea coast, by Rosanna Pirelli in 2005 that detailed an expedition to Punt during the reign of Amenemhat III. The expedition was organized by chief steward Senbef. Under his direction, two contingents were formed. The first was led by an Amenhotep and bound for Punt to acquire incense. The second led by a Nebesu was sent to the mines referred to as Bia-Punt to procure exotic metals.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn There were a total of between two and five expeditions organized during Amenemhat III's rule.Шаблон:Sfn Two of the stelae recovered from the site are dated indicating activity there in his 23rd and 41st regnal years.Шаблон:Sfn
Building program
Amenemhat III's building program included monuments in Khatana, Tell el-Yahudiyya, and Bubastis.Шаблон:Sfn At Bubastis, Amenemhat III probably built a palace which hosts relief art containing his name. Of note is a relief that depicts Amenemhat III officiating his sed-festival.Шаблон:Sfn Further works include the enlargement of the temples to Hathor at Serabit el-Khadim and Ptah in Memphis, the construction of a temple in Quban, and the reinforcement of fortresses at Semna.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn At Elephantine a fragment of stela bearing a building inscription was found dated to his regnal year 44. A very similar inscription from possibly the same year was found at Elkab, which indicates the extension of a defensive wall built by Senusret II. Another find at Elephantine was a door lintel of the Eleventh Dynasty, where Amenemhat III added an inscription dated to his regnal year 34. Inscriptions with the king's name have also been uncovered at Lisht, Memphis, and Heracleopolis and statues of the king were found in Thebes.Шаблон:Sfn No site, however, received as much attention as Faiyum, with which Amenemhat III is most closely associated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In Faiyum, Amenemhat built a huge temple dedicated to Sobek at Kiman Faras.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He dedicated a chapel to Renenutet at Medinet Madi.Шаблон:Sfn This small temple with three chapels is the best preserved of his temple works. It was built toward the end of his reign and completed by his successor, Amenemhat IV.Шаблон:Sfn In Biahmu, he built a massive structure with [[Pedestals of Biahmu|two colossal Шаблон:Convert tall seated quartzite statues of himself]].Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These face Lake Moeris, for which he is credited with excavating, although how much of this work was conducted by Amenemhat III is unknown.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The work on Lake Moeris had been inaugurated by Senusret II to link the Faiyum Depression with Bahr Yussef.Шаблон:Sfn This project reclaimed land downstream at the edges of Lake Moeris allowing it to be farmed.Шаблон:Sfn A naturally formed valley Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide was converted into a canal to link the depression with Bahr Yussef. The canal was cut to a depth of Шаблон:Convert and given sloped banks at a ratio of 1:10 and an average inclination of 0.01° along its length.Шаблон:Sfn It is known as Mer-Wer or the Great Canal.Шаблон:Sfn The area continued to be used until 230 BC when the Lahun branch of the Nile silted up.Шаблон:Sfn Amenemhat III kept close watch on the inundation levels of the Nile, as demonstrated by inscriptions left at Kumma and Semna. The Nile level peaked in his regnal year 30 at Шаблон:Convert, but was followed by a dramatic decline so that it measured Шаблон:Convert by regnal year 40.Шаблон:Sfn The most enduring of his works are the two pyramids that he built for himself,Шаблон:Sfn the first king since Sneferu in the Fourth Dynasty to build more than one.Шаблон:Sfn His pyramids are in Dahshur and Hawara.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
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Inscriptions by Amenemhat III in the chapel of Renenutet
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Limestone recumbent lion statue at the temple in Medinet Madi
Pyramids
Dahshur
The construction of the pyramid at Dahshur, the 'Black Pyramid' (Egyptian language: Sḫm Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amenemhat is Mighty'Шаблон:Sfn or Nfr Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amenemhat is Beautiful'Шаблон:Sfn/'Perfect One of Amenemhat'Шаблон:Sfn) began in the first year of Amenemhat III's reign.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The pyramid core was constructed entirely of mudbrick and stabilized through the building of a stepped core rather than with a stone framework.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The structure was then encased by Шаблон:Convert thick, fine white Tura limestone blocks held together by wooden dove-tail pegs.Шаблон:Sfn The pyramid was given a base length of Шаблон:Convert that was inclined towards the apex at between 54°30′ to 57°15′50″ reaching a height of Шаблон:Convert for a total volume of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The apogee of the structure was crowned, seemingly, by a grey granite pyramidion Шаблон:Convert high.Шаблон:Sfn This now resides in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, catalogued as JE 35133.Шаблон:Sfn The pyramidion had a band of hieroglyphic text running on all four of its sides.Шаблон:Sfn That the name of Amun has been erased on the pyramidion can only be the result of Akhenaten's proscription against the god.Шаблон:Sfn
In front of the pyramid, lay a mortuary temple of simple design comprising an offering hall and an open columned courtyard. Surrounding the complex were two mudbrick enclosing walls. From the mortuary temple an open, mudbrick walled causeway led to the valley temple.Шаблон:Sfn Beneath the pyramid was built a substructure with an intricate series of passages and chambers, with burial chambers for the king and two queens.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The two queens, Aat and an unidentified queen, were buried here and their remains were recovered from their chambers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The king, though, was not buried here.Шаблон:Sfn Shortly after the completion of the pyramid superstructure, in around Amenemhat III's 15th regnal year, the substructure began to buckle with cracks appearing inside as a result of groundwater seepage.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Rushed efforts were made to prevent the structure collapsing, which were successful, but just as Sneferu had decided to do with his Bent Pyramid, Amenemhat III chose to build a new one.Шаблон:Sfn
Hawara
The second pyramid is at Hawara (Egyptian language: Uncertain, possibly ꜥnḫ Ỉmn-m-hꜣt 'Amenemhat Lives'Шаблон:Sfn), in the Faiyum Oasis.Шаблон:Sfn This pyramid project was begun around Amenemhat III's 15th regnal year, after problems with the Dahshur pyramid persisted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The choice of Hawara suggests that the cultivation of Faiyum was complete and that Amenemhat III was diverting resources to that area.Шаблон:Sfn The pyramid had a core constructed entirely of mudbrick encased in fine white Tura limestone.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The pyramid had a base length of between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert with a shallower inclination of between 48° and 52° up to a peak height Шаблон:Convert for a total volume of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The shallower inclination angle was a step taken to guard against the threat of a collapse and avoid a repeat of the failure at Dahshur.Шаблон:Sfn Inside the substructure, builders took further precautions, such as lining chamber pits with limestone.Шаблон:Sfn The burial chamber was chiselled out of a single quartzite block measuring Шаблон:Convert by Шаблон:Convert by Шаблон:Convert and weighing over Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Before the pyramid lay a mortuary temple, that has been identified as "the Labyrinth" which Classical travellers such as Herodotus and Strabo referred to and which was said to have inspired the 'Labyrinth of Minos'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The temple was destroyed in antiquity and can only be partially reconstructed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its floorplan covered an estimated Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn According to Strabo's account, the temple contained as many rooms as there were nomes in Egypt,Шаблон:Sfn while Herodotus wrote about being led 'from courtyards into rooms, rooms into galleries, galleries into more rooms, thence into more courtyards'.Шаблон:Sfn A limestone statue of Sobek and another of Hathor were discovered hereШаблон:Sfn as were two granite shrines each containing two statues of Amenemhat III.Шаблон:Sfn A north-south oriented perimeter wall enclosed the entire complexШаблон:Sfn which thus measured Шаблон:Convert by Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The causeway has been identified near the south-west corner of the complex, but neither it nor the valley temple have been investigated.Шаблон:Sfn
Neferuptah
The pyramid of Neferuptah was built Шаблон:Convert south-east of Amenemhat III's Hawara pyramid. It was excavated by Nagib Farag and Zaky Iskander in 1956.Шаблон:Sfn The superstructure of the pyramid is near completely lost and the substructure was found full of groundwater, but her burial was otherwise undisturbed including both her sarcophagus and funerary equipment.Шаблон:Sfn
Sculpture
Amenemhat III and Sensuret III are the best attested rulers of the Middle Kingdom by number of statues, with about 80 statues that can be assigned to the former. The sculpture of Amenemhat III continued the tradition of Senusret III, though it pursued a more natural and expressive physiognomy, while retaining an idealized image.Шаблон:Sfn A wide range of stones were used for the sculpture of the king, include white limestone, obsidian, chalcedony and copper alloy.Шаблон:Sfn Furthermore, the king introduced new and re-interpreted types of sculptures, many of which were inspired by far older works.Шаблон:Sfn Two broad facial types can be assigned to Amenemhat III. An expressive style in which the face of the king has its musculature, bone structure, and furrows clearly marked. This style is evidently inspired by the sculpture of Senusret III. A humanized style in which the face is simplified with few or no folds or furrows and averse to sharp transitions between features. These have a generally softer, more youthful expression.Шаблон:Sfn
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A sculpture of the expressive type in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen
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A sculpture of the humanized type in the Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich
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Half-lifesized head in mottled diorite from the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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Amenemhat III dressed in panther skin from the Egyptian Museum, Cairo
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Granite statue in the Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
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Egyptian alabaster statuette head of Amenemhat III from the Louvre, Paris
Officials
The vizier Kheti (H̱ty) held office around year 29 of Amenemhat III's reign,Шаблон:Sfn as is attested on a papyrus from el-Lahun.Шаблон:Sfn The papyrus is a business document authored by the vizier in his office discussing payment of two brothers named Ahy-seneb (Ỉhy-snb) for their services.Шаблон:Sfn At that time one brother, Ahy-seneb Ankh-ren (ꜥnḫ-rn), was an 'assistant to the treasurer', yet on a later papyrus containing his will, dated to year 44 of Amenemhat III's reign, he had become the 'director of works'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This latter papyrus contains two dates: year 44, month II of Shemu, day 13 and year 2, month II of Akhet, day 18.Шаблон:Sfnm The latter date refers to the reign of either Amenemhat IV or Sobekneferu.Шаблон:Sfn There is one other hieratic text and also a limestone table on which Ahy-seneb Ankh-ren is attested.Шаблон:Sfn The other brother, Ahy-seneb Wah (Wꜣḥ), was a wab-priest and 'superintendent of priestly orders of Sepdu, lord of the East'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
A further vizier datable to the reign was Ameny (Ỉmny).Шаблон:Sfn Ameny is attested on two rock inscriptions from Aswan.Шаблон:Sfn The first found by Flinders Petrie on the road between Philae and Aswan,Шаблон:Sfn and the second found by Jacques de Morgan on the right bank of the river nile between Bar and Aswan.Шаблон:Sfn The inscriptions bear the names of his family members,Шаблон:Sfn including his wife Sehotepibre Nehy (Sḥtp-ỉb-rꜥ Nḥy) who is also attested on a stela in Copenhagen National Museum.Шаблон:Sfn
Khnumhotep (H̱nmw-ḥtp) was an official that held office for at least three decades from Senusret II's first regnal year through to Amenemhat III's reign.Шаблон:Sfn At the beginning of Senusret II's reign he was a chamberlain, but by the end of his life he held both the office of vizier and chief steward.Шаблон:Sfn His tomb in Dahshur also attests to many other titles including 'high official', 'royal seal-bearer', 'chief lector-priest', 'master of secrets', and 'overseer of the city'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The treasurer Ikhernofret (Y-ẖr-nfrt) was still in office in the early years of the king's reign,Шаблон:Sfn as is demonstrated by a funerary stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.Шаблон:Sfn This official is among the best attested for the Middle Kingdom, though there is little known of his family.Шаблон:Sfn His funerary stela is dated to Amenemhat III's first regnal year and bears his name along with three of his titles: 'sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt', 'sole friend of the king', and 'treasurer'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The treasurer is mentioned on the funerary stela of an Ameny (Ỉmny) 'chief of staff of the bureau of the vizier'. The latter part of the stela tells of the attendance of Ikhernofret and Sasetet (Sꜣ-sṯt) at a feast in Abydos at the instruction of Senusret III after a campaign against Nubia in his regnal year 19.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Ameny is also mentioned on the 'stela of Sasetet' dating to the first year of Amenemhat III, where he still held the same position.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sasetet holds the title 'chief of staff of the bureau of the treasurer' in that stela.Шаблон:Sfn
Another treasurer under Amenemhat III is Senusretankh (S-n-wsrt-ꜥnḫ), who is known from his recently uncovered mastaba at Dahshur, near the pyramid of Senusret III. The surviving fragments of a red granite offering table recovered from the tomb bear the birth and throne names of Amenemhat III. The table further bears numerous other epithets and titles with which the owner connects himself to the king.Шаблон:Sfn
Another chief steward, Senbef (Snb=f) is known from an expedition stela found at Mersa and from a papyrus document.Шаблон:Sfn The stela contains an image of Amenemhat III presenting offerings to the god Min.Шаблон:Sfn Behind the king stands another official, Nebsu (Nbsw) the 'Overseer of the Cabinet of the Head of the South', effectively meaning that he was the head of a workforce. Beneath the image are inscriptions recording two expeditions to Punt alongside the names of the expedition leaders. The leads of the two expeditions are Nebsu himself and his brother Amenhotep (Ỉmn-htp), holding the title of 'scribe in charge of the seal of the treasury'.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
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External links
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